{"id":1315,"date":"2014-03-20T04:17:34","date_gmt":"2014-03-20T04:17:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/?page_id=1315"},"modified":"2021-10-09T00:18:34","modified_gmt":"2021-10-09T00:18:34","slug":"articles","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/publications\/articles\/","title":{"rendered":"Journal articles"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"teachpress_pub_list\"><form name=\"tppublistform\" method=\"get\"><a name=\"tppubs\" id=\"tppubs\"><\/a><\/form><div class=\"teachpress_publication_list\"><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2026\">2026<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">86.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Mobile-robotic Sensor for Estimation and Localization of Multiple Chemical-gas Leaks: A Find- and-Consume Infotaxis Approach\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/2026_RAS.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Mobile-robotic Sensor for Estimation and Localization of Multiple Chemical-gas Leaks: A Find- and-Consume Infotaxis Approach\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">M. N. Goodell, J. M. Anderson, K. K. Leang\r\n<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('435','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Mobile-robotic Sensor for Estimation and Localization of Multiple Chemical-gas Leaks: A Find- and-Consume Infotaxis Approach<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Robotics and Autonomous Systems, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 202, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 105431, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2026<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_435\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('435','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_435\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('435','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_435\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('435','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_435\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{GoodellMN_2026,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Mobile-robotic Sensor for Estimation and Localization of Multiple Chemical-gas Leaks: A Find- and-Consume Infotaxis Approach},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {M. N. Goodell, J. M. Anderson, K. K. Leang<br \/>\r\n},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/GoodellMN_2026.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105431},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2026},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2026-04-11},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2026-04-11},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Robotics and Autonomous Systems},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {202},<br \/>\r\npages = {105431},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {Rapid assessment and localization of accidental or malicious chemical-gas leaks can save lives and minimize environmental impact. An approach is described that quickly estimates and localizes multiple gas leaks using a network of mobile (ground and aerial) robotic sensors. Using the concepts of foraging and consuming food, Bayesian estimation, and information-theoretic motion planning, multiple chemical-gas leaks are found, one source after another. The find-and-consume infotaxis approach makes no assumptions about the total number of sources in a prescribed search area, but it assumes multiple, spatially-distributed gas leaks of the same chemical. Through detailed simulations, metrics such as the correct number of sources identified, the speed of identification, and the source-term estimation accuracy are quantified. These measures are compared to two standard source-finding strategies: (1) raster-scanning and (2) biased-random walk. The results show that the proposed infotaxis method outperforms the two standard approaches, specifically being able to correctly identify up to 10 individual sources 74% of the time on average with an average localization error of approximately 1.2%. Finally, the results from physical experiments using up to four mobile robot platforms equipped with gas sensors (ground and aerial platforms) show successful estimation and localization of three live methane gas leaks, with an average localization error of 4.4%.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('435','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_435\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">Rapid assessment and localization of accidental or malicious chemical-gas leaks can save lives and minimize environmental impact. An approach is described that quickly estimates and localizes multiple gas leaks using a network of mobile (ground and aerial) robotic sensors. Using the concepts of foraging and consuming food, Bayesian estimation, and information-theoretic motion planning, multiple chemical-gas leaks are found, one source after another. The find-and-consume infotaxis approach makes no assumptions about the total number of sources in a prescribed search area, but it assumes multiple, spatially-distributed gas leaks of the same chemical. Through detailed simulations, metrics such as the correct number of sources identified, the speed of identification, and the source-term estimation accuracy are quantified. These measures are compared to two standard source-finding strategies: (1) raster-scanning and (2) biased-random walk. The results show that the proposed infotaxis method outperforms the two standard approaches, specifically being able to correctly identify up to 10 individual sources 74% of the time on average with an average localization error of approximately 1.2%. Finally, the results from physical experiments using up to four mobile robot platforms equipped with gas sensors (ground and aerial platforms) show successful estimation and localization of three live methane gas leaks, with an average localization error of 4.4%.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('435','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_435\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/GoodellMN_2026.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/GoodellMN_2026.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/GoodellMN_2026.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105431\" title=\"Follow DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105431\" target=\"_blank\">doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105431<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('435','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">85.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\" Information-based Supervised Learning of In-proximity Effects for 3D Distance Estimation and Collision Avoidance\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/2026RAL.png\" width=\"100\" alt=\" Information-based Supervised Learning of In-proximity Effects for 3D Distance Estimation and Collision Avoidance\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">J. M. Anderson; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('434','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\"> Information-based Supervised Learning of In-proximity Effects for 3D Distance Estimation and Collision Avoidance<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 11, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_issue\">iss. 5, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 5398-5405, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2026<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_434\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('434','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_434\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('434','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_434\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('434','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_434\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{AndersonJM_2026_RAL,<br \/>\r\ntitle = { Information-based Supervised Learning of In-proximity Effects for 3D Distance Estimation and Collision Avoidance},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {J. M. Anderson and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/AndersonJM_2026_RAL.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {10.1109\/LRA.2026.3665068},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2026},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2026-02-16},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2026-02-16},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {11},<br \/>\r\nissue = {5},<br \/>\r\npages = {5398-5405},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {In-proximity effects (IPE) in 3D, specifically in-ground, in-ceiling, and in-wall effects, experienced by a rotary-wing aerial robot when it flies near obstacles are leveraged for obstacle distance estimation and collision-free motion control. The proposed concept of processing onboard motor commands and inertial measurement unit (IMU) signals enables the robot to essentially ``feel'' the presence of nearby obstacles through aerodynamic interactions. The physics of IPE, along with Shannon information, are used to tailor the input space and train a deep neural network (DNN) to estimate the distance to ground, ceiling, and wall features. Simulation and physical experimental results demonstrate reliable and robust obstacle detection and collision avoidance with a median distance estimation accuracy of 93.35%, 89.22%, and 90.67% for ground, ceiling, and wall, respectively. This new form of ``sensing'' is advantageous in environments where traditional proximity sensors and vision-based obstacle detection systems may not be reliable, such as in foggy, smokey, or dusty environments where  perception is limited.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('434','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_434\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">In-proximity effects (IPE) in 3D, specifically in-ground, in-ceiling, and in-wall effects, experienced by a rotary-wing aerial robot when it flies near obstacles are leveraged for obstacle distance estimation and collision-free motion control. The proposed concept of processing onboard motor commands and inertial measurement unit (IMU) signals enables the robot to essentially ``feel'' the presence of nearby obstacles through aerodynamic interactions. The physics of IPE, along with Shannon information, are used to tailor the input space and train a deep neural network (DNN) to estimate the distance to ground, ceiling, and wall features. Simulation and physical experimental results demonstrate reliable and robust obstacle detection and collision avoidance with a median distance estimation accuracy of 93.35%, 89.22%, and 90.67% for ground, ceiling, and wall, respectively. This new form of ``sensing'' is advantageous in environments where traditional proximity sensors and vision-based obstacle detection systems may not be reliable, such as in foggy, smokey, or dusty environments where  perception is limited.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('434','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_434\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/AndersonJM_2026_RAL.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/AndersonJM_2026_RAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/AndersonJM_2026_RAL.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/LRA.2026.3665068\" title=\"Follow DOI:10.1109\/LRA.2026.3665068\" target=\"_blank\">doi:10.1109\/LRA.2026.3665068<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('434','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">84.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Engineered ionic polymer metal composites as extension sensors: Theory and experiments\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/2025_ALDSC.png\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Engineered ionic polymer metal composites as extension sensors: Theory and experiments\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">O. Fakharian, W. S. Nagel, K. K. Leang, M. Aureli<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('431','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Engineered ionic polymer metal composites as extension sensors: Theory and experiments<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">ASME Letters in Dynamic Systems and Control\/MECC 2025 Joint Submission, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 6, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_issue\">iss. 1, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 011003 (6-pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2026<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_431\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('431','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_431\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('431','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_431\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('431','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_431\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{FakharianO_2026_ALDSC,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Engineered ionic polymer metal composites as extension sensors: Theory and experiments},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {O. Fakharian, W. S. Nagel, K. K. Leang, M. Aureli},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FakharianO_2025_ALDSC.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {10.1115\/1.4069646},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2026},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2026-01-01},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2026-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {ASME Letters in Dynamic Systems and Control\/MECC 2025 Joint Submission},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {6},<br \/>\r\nissue = {1},<br \/>\r\npages = {011003 (6-pages)},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {This article investigates analytically and experimentally the mechano-chemo-electrical behavior of ionic polymer\u2013metal composite (IPMC) and engineered IPMC (eIPMC) sensors under extensional loading. To predict the sensing response of eIPMCs, a detailed model is proposed incorporating a composite layer (CL) for the abraded interface between polymer and electrode. We present open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current sensing predictions derived from this model, and we validate them via experiments on anisotropic extensional loading of IPMCs. Experimental results demonstrate that our sensors\u2019 electrical<br \/>\r\noutputs align well with theoretical predictions, thereby validating our findings and enhancing our understanding of eIPMC strain sensor behavior.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('431','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_431\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">This article investigates analytically and experimentally the mechano-chemo-electrical behavior of ionic polymer\u2013metal composite (IPMC) and engineered IPMC (eIPMC) sensors under extensional loading. To predict the sensing response of eIPMCs, a detailed model is proposed incorporating a composite layer (CL) for the abraded interface between polymer and electrode. We present open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current sensing predictions derived from this model, and we validate them via experiments on anisotropic extensional loading of IPMCs. Experimental results demonstrate that our sensors\u2019 electrical<br \/>\r\noutputs align well with theoretical predictions, thereby validating our findings and enhancing our understanding of eIPMC strain sensor behavior.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('431','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_431\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FakharianO_2025_ALDSC.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FakharianO_2025_ALDSC.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FakharianO_2025_ALDSC.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4069646\" title=\"Follow DOI:10.1115\/1.4069646\" target=\"_blank\">doi:10.1115\/1.4069646<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('431','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2025\">2025<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">83.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Smart Chemical Sensing Payload for Emergency Response Uncrewed Autonomous Systems\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/2025_ASMEJAVS.png\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Smart Chemical Sensing Payload for Emergency Response Uncrewed Autonomous Systems\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">J. M. Anderson, K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('432','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Smart Chemical Sensing Payload for Emergency Response Uncrewed Autonomous Systems<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">ASME Journal of Autonomous Vehicles and Systems, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 5, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_issue\">iss. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 041002 (10 pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2025<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_432\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('432','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_432\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('432','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_432\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('432','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_432\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{AndersonJM_2025_JAVS,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Smart Chemical Sensing Payload for Emergency Response Uncrewed Autonomous Systems},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {J. M. Anderson, K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/AndersonJM_2025_JAVS.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2025},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2025-10-21},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2025-10-21},<br \/>\r\njournal = {ASME Journal of Autonomous Vehicles and Systems},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {5},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {041002 (10 pages)},<br \/>\r\nissue = {4},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {A novel smart sensor payload for uncrewed autonomous systems and emergency responders with the ability to automatically detect, estimate, and locate chemical sources is presented. The smart-sensing device fuses Bayesian inference machine learning with information-theoretic motion planning for fast source estimation and localization performance. More specifically, chemical concentration is measured by a recently developed microelectromechanical-system (MEMS)-based sensor, the location and the size of a chemical leak are estimated using a Bayesian inference machine learning process, and information-theoretic motion planning is used to optimally guide the user or an autonomous mobile robot during the search process to improve the speed and accuracy of localizing and quantifying a leaking gas source. Experiments are performed that compare the device's leak-source estimation and localization performance between two different motion planning methods: (1) moving the device as instructed by the information-based, guided-motion planner and (2) randomly moving the device for search (baseline approach). By following the device's visual cues on where to take measurements (guided-motion method), on average, the smart chemical sensor locates a source over 170% faster than moving the sensor randomly (unguided motion method). Additionally, the leak localization error is less than 6.4% (0.325 m). Finally, live methane gas release experiments are performed to further demonstrate real-world application of the smart handheld chemical-sensing device.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('432','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_432\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">A novel smart sensor payload for uncrewed autonomous systems and emergency responders with the ability to automatically detect, estimate, and locate chemical sources is presented. The smart-sensing device fuses Bayesian inference machine learning with information-theoretic motion planning for fast source estimation and localization performance. More specifically, chemical concentration is measured by a recently developed microelectromechanical-system (MEMS)-based sensor, the location and the size of a chemical leak are estimated using a Bayesian inference machine learning process, and information-theoretic motion planning is used to optimally guide the user or an autonomous mobile robot during the search process to improve the speed and accuracy of localizing and quantifying a leaking gas source. Experiments are performed that compare the device's leak-source estimation and localization performance between two different motion planning methods: (1) moving the device as instructed by the information-based, guided-motion planner and (2) randomly moving the device for search (baseline approach). By following the device's visual cues on where to take measurements (guided-motion method), on average, the smart chemical sensor locates a source over 170% faster than moving the sensor randomly (unguided motion method). Additionally, the leak localization error is less than 6.4% (0.325 m). Finally, live methane gas release experiments are performed to further demonstrate real-world application of the smart handheld chemical-sensing device.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('432','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_432\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/AndersonJM_2025_JAVS.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/AndersonJM_2025_JAVS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/AndersonJM_2025_JAVS.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('432','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">82.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Intelligent Flying Chemical Sensor Network for Gas-leak Localization and Mapping\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/2026ALTR.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Intelligent Flying Chemical Sensor Network for Gas-leak Localization and Mapping\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">J. R. Bourne, K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Intelligent Flying Chemical Sensor Network for Gas-leak Localization and Mapping <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">ASME Letters in Translational Robotics, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 1, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_issue\">iss. 3, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 031003 (12 pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2025<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_433\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('433','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_433\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('433','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_433\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{BourneJR_2026,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Intelligent Flying Chemical Sensor Network for Gas-leak Localization and Mapping},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {J. R. Bourne, K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2025},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2025-09-01},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2026-01-02},<br \/>\r\njournal = {ASME Letters in Translational Robotics},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {1},<br \/>\r\nissue = {3},<br \/>\r\npages = {031003 (12 pages)},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {This paper describes the development of a network of intelligent flying robotic sensors for quick and precise localization, estimation, and mapping of chemical-gas leaks. The key advances of the technology include leveraging decentralized Bayesian inference machine learning for source-term estimation, minimizing uncertainty through coordinated bio-inspired actions between robots, incorporating open-sector collision avoidance for safe autonomous navigation during search, and utilizing a kernel-based chemical distribution process to create chemical concentration maps. Simulation and real-world outdoor field tests with propane gas demonstrate the effectiveness of the flying-sensor network. This multi-robot system can assist emergency responders in assessing and containing the spread of dangerous chemical leaks.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('433','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_433\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">This paper describes the development of a network of intelligent flying robotic sensors for quick and precise localization, estimation, and mapping of chemical-gas leaks. The key advances of the technology include leveraging decentralized Bayesian inference machine learning for source-term estimation, minimizing uncertainty through coordinated bio-inspired actions between robots, incorporating open-sector collision avoidance for safe autonomous navigation during search, and utilizing a kernel-based chemical distribution process to create chemical concentration maps. Simulation and real-world outdoor field tests with propane gas demonstrate the effectiveness of the flying-sensor network. This multi-robot system can assist emergency responders in assessing and containing the spread of dangerous chemical leaks.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('433','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">81.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Impact of Surface Roughness on Quasi-Steady In-Ground Effect for Hover-capable Aerial Vehicles\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/2025IJMAV.png\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Impact of Surface Roughness on Quasi-Steady In-Ground Effect for Hover-capable Aerial Vehicles\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">C. G. Kou, J. R. Stoll, K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('430','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Impact of Surface Roughness on Quasi-Steady In-Ground Effect for Hover-capable Aerial Vehicles<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">International Journal of Micro Aerial Vehicles, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 17, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2025<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_430\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('430','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_430\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('430','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_430\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('430','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_430\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{KouCG_2025IJMAV,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Impact of Surface Roughness on Quasi-Steady In-Ground Effect for Hover-capable Aerial Vehicles},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {C. G. Kou, J. R. Stoll, K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/KouGC_2025IJMAV.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/175682932513500},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2025},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2025-06-19},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2025-06-19},<br \/>\r\njournal = {International Journal of Micro Aerial Vehicles},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {17},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {Ground effect (GE) behavior occurs when a hover-capable multirotor aerial vehicle, such as a quadcopter, flies within close proximity to the ground and the vehicle experiences an increase in thrust despite constant power being applied to the propellers. Current GE models assume that the ground plane is flat and smooth. This paper investigates the influence of aerodynamically-rough surfaces on GE behavior for standard two-blade propellers under quasi-steady hover conditions. First, a nondimensional model is proposed that incorporates the aerodynamic roughness and zero-plane displacement height of a rough surface with GE parameters previously found in the literature. Second, a GE model that accounts for surface roughness is described. Third, physical experiments are conducted to quantify the aerodynamic properties of controlled rough surfaces and the GE strength through observations of in-ground effect (IGE) and out-of-ground effect (OGE) thrusts produced by commercially available propellers. The results show that aerodynamically rougher surfaces corresponded to higher IGE thrust. Fourth, statistical analysis of the results supported the accuracy of the proposed model, where the average root-mean-squared error is 0.90% with an average maximum error of 2.39% over all test scenarios. Finally, nondimensional analysis confirmed that when similarity conditions are met, the proposed model follows theoretical projections. These findings can be exploited for vehicle motion control, navigation, and design.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('430','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_430\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">Ground effect (GE) behavior occurs when a hover-capable multirotor aerial vehicle, such as a quadcopter, flies within close proximity to the ground and the vehicle experiences an increase in thrust despite constant power being applied to the propellers. Current GE models assume that the ground plane is flat and smooth. This paper investigates the influence of aerodynamically-rough surfaces on GE behavior for standard two-blade propellers under quasi-steady hover conditions. First, a nondimensional model is proposed that incorporates the aerodynamic roughness and zero-plane displacement height of a rough surface with GE parameters previously found in the literature. Second, a GE model that accounts for surface roughness is described. Third, physical experiments are conducted to quantify the aerodynamic properties of controlled rough surfaces and the GE strength through observations of in-ground effect (IGE) and out-of-ground effect (OGE) thrusts produced by commercially available propellers. The results show that aerodynamically rougher surfaces corresponded to higher IGE thrust. Fourth, statistical analysis of the results supported the accuracy of the proposed model, where the average root-mean-squared error is 0.90% with an average maximum error of 2.39% over all test scenarios. Finally, nondimensional analysis confirmed that when similarity conditions are met, the proposed model follows theoretical projections. These findings can be exploited for vehicle motion control, navigation, and design.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('430','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_430\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/KouGC_2025IJMAV.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/KouGC_2025IJMAV.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/KouGC_2025IJMAV.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/175682932513500\" title=\"Follow DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/175682932513500\" target=\"_blank\">doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/175682932513500<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('430','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">80.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Engineered ionic polymer metal composites (eIPMCs) under dynamic compression loading conditions: theory and experiments\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/2025SMS.png\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Engineered ionic polymer metal composites (eIPMCs) under dynamic compression loading conditions: theory and experiments\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">O. Fakharian, W.S. Nagel, K.K. Leang, M. Aureli<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('429','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Engineered ionic polymer metal composites (eIPMCs) under dynamic compression loading conditions: theory and experiments<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\"> Smart Materials and Structures, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 34, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_issue\">iss. 2, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 025048, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2025<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_429\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('429','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_429\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('429','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_429\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('429','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_429\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{FakharianO_2025_SMS,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Engineered ionic polymer metal composites (eIPMCs) under dynamic compression loading conditions: theory and experiments},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {O. Fakharian, W.S. Nagel, K.K. Leang, M. Aureli},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FakharianO_2025_SMS.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {10.1088\/1361-665X\/adaab6},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2025},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2025-01-30},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2025-01-30},<br \/>\r\njournal = { Smart Materials and Structures},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {34},<br \/>\r\nissue = {2},<br \/>\r\npages = {025048},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {Engineered Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (eIPMCs) represent the next generation of IPMCs, soft electro-chemo-mechanically coupled smart materials used as actuators and sensors. Recent studies indicate that eIPMC sensors, featuring unique microstructures at the interface between the ionic polymer membrane and the electrode, exhibit enhanced electrochemical behavior and sensitivity under compression, as compared to traditional IPMCs. However, a complete and experimentally-validated model of how eIPMCs behave under dynamic compression loads is currently missing. In this paper, we develop an analytical model for eIPMC sensors, elucidating the role of the engineered interface, modeled as a separate material layer with unique mechanical and electrochemical properties. Theoretical predictions focus on the mechanical-to-electrochemical transduction response under dynamic compressive loads. Experimental verification is conducted on conventional IPMC and novel eIPMC samples fabricated using the polymer abrading technique. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is performed to study the effect of the engineered interface on the electrochemical properties. Open-circuit (OC) voltage and short-circuit (SC) current are measured under external compressive loads in different loading scenarios to demonstrate sensing performance. Results show good qualitative agreement between experimental trends and model predictions. Experiments over the frequency range 1\u201318Hz demonstrate an increase of 220%\u2013290% in open-circuit voltage and 17%\u2013166% in SC current sensitivity for eIPMCs over IPMCs.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('429','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_429\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">Engineered Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (eIPMCs) represent the next generation of IPMCs, soft electro-chemo-mechanically coupled smart materials used as actuators and sensors. Recent studies indicate that eIPMC sensors, featuring unique microstructures at the interface between the ionic polymer membrane and the electrode, exhibit enhanced electrochemical behavior and sensitivity under compression, as compared to traditional IPMCs. However, a complete and experimentally-validated model of how eIPMCs behave under dynamic compression loads is currently missing. In this paper, we develop an analytical model for eIPMC sensors, elucidating the role of the engineered interface, modeled as a separate material layer with unique mechanical and electrochemical properties. Theoretical predictions focus on the mechanical-to-electrochemical transduction response under dynamic compressive loads. Experimental verification is conducted on conventional IPMC and novel eIPMC samples fabricated using the polymer abrading technique. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is performed to study the effect of the engineered interface on the electrochemical properties. Open-circuit (OC) voltage and short-circuit (SC) current are measured under external compressive loads in different loading scenarios to demonstrate sensing performance. Results show good qualitative agreement between experimental trends and model predictions. Experiments over the frequency range 1\u201318Hz demonstrate an increase of 220%\u2013290% in open-circuit voltage and 17%\u2013166% in SC current sensitivity for eIPMCs over IPMCs.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('429','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_429\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FakharianO_2025_SMS.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FakharianO_2025_SMS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FakharianO_2025_SMS.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-665X\/adaab6\" title=\"Follow DOI:10.1088\/1361-665X\/adaab6\" target=\"_blank\">doi:10.1088\/1361-665X\/adaab6<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('429','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">79.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Rotorcraft in-ground effect models in axial and forward flight\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/2024AST.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Rotorcraft in-ground effect models in axial and forward flight\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">X. He, K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('428','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Rotorcraft in-ground effect models in axial and forward flight<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Aerospace Science and Technology, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 156, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 109748, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2025<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_428\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('428','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_428\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('428','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_428\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('428','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_428\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{HeX_2025,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Rotorcraft in-ground effect models in axial and forward flight},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {X. He, K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ast.2024.109748},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2025},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2025-01-01},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2025-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Aerospace Science and Technology},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {156},<br \/>\r\npages = {109748},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {This paper describes in-ground effect (IGE) models that incorporate the rotor advance ratio and vehicle's climbing velocity to predict the IGE thrust variation in axial (vertical) and forward flight for rotor-based aerial vehicles. Extensive experiments are conducted to validate each and every component of the new IGE models. Discrepancies between the analytical and experimental results in forward flight are found consistent with the two characteristic flow regimes of recirculation and ground vortex. In particular, an additional thrust increase at a low advance ratio (&lt;0.04) in an extreme ground-effect regime (z\/R&lt;0.5) is observed. The results of this study can be leveraged to develop new vehicle motion control and path planning algorithms for flight near obstacles.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('428','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_428\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">This paper describes in-ground effect (IGE) models that incorporate the rotor advance ratio and vehicle's climbing velocity to predict the IGE thrust variation in axial (vertical) and forward flight for rotor-based aerial vehicles. Extensive experiments are conducted to validate each and every component of the new IGE models. Discrepancies between the analytical and experimental results in forward flight are found consistent with the two characteristic flow regimes of recirculation and ground vortex. In particular, an additional thrust increase at a low advance ratio (&lt;0.04) in an extreme ground-effect regime (z\/R&lt;0.5) is observed. The results of this study can be leveraged to develop new vehicle motion control and path planning algorithms for flight near obstacles.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('428','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_428\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ast.2024.109748\" title=\"Follow DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ast.2024.109748\" target=\"_blank\">doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ast.2024.109748<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('428','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2024\">2024<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">78.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Rapid Airborne Gas-plume Mapping and Source Localization with Feedforward Gas-sensor Dynamics Compensation\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/2025_ALDSC.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Rapid Airborne Gas-plume Mapping and Source Localization with Feedforward Gas-sensor Dynamics Compensation\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">K. C. Hoffman, J. M. Anderson, K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('423','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Rapid Airborne Gas-plume Mapping and Source Localization with Feedforward Gas-sensor Dynamics Compensation<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">ASME Letters in Dynamic Systems and Control, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 041002, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2024<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_423\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('423','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_423\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('423','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_423\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('423','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_423\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{HoffmanKC_2025_LDSC,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Rapid Airborne Gas-plume Mapping and Source Localization with Feedforward Gas-sensor Dynamics Compensation},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {K. C. Hoffman, J. M. Anderson, K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HoffmanKC_2024.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4066513},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2024},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2024-09-30},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2024-09-30},<br \/>\r\njournal = {ASME Letters in Dynamic Systems and Control},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {4},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {4},<br \/>\r\npages = {041002},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {This paper focuses on improving the speed, accuracy, and robustness of autonomous aerial-based chemical-sensing for plume mapping and source localization through characterizing, modeling, and feedforward compensation of gas sensor dynamics. First, the dynamics of three types of gas sensors are modeled. Second, the maximum chemical mapping speed is calculated and shown to be inversely proportional to sensor time constant. Third, an inversion-based approach is used to compensate for the sensor dynamics to improve mapping throughput. Results show that dynamics compensation enhances the chemical-mapping speed by over five times compared to the uncompensated case. Finally, to further demonstrate utility, the approach is applied to a particle swarm optimization example for plume-source localization. The improvement is observed by how well the agents converge to the true chemical-gas source location when gas-sensor dynamics are taken into account. Specifically, for a static Gaussian plume source, feedforward compensation leads to 64% average improvement in localization success; and for a dynamic Quick Urban and Industrial Complex (QUIC) dispersion plume source, a 39% average improvement is observed. These results underscore the importance of sensor-dynamics compensation for enhancing mapping and source localization throughput, accuracy, and robustness.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('423','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_423\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">This paper focuses on improving the speed, accuracy, and robustness of autonomous aerial-based chemical-sensing for plume mapping and source localization through characterizing, modeling, and feedforward compensation of gas sensor dynamics. First, the dynamics of three types of gas sensors are modeled. Second, the maximum chemical mapping speed is calculated and shown to be inversely proportional to sensor time constant. Third, an inversion-based approach is used to compensate for the sensor dynamics to improve mapping throughput. Results show that dynamics compensation enhances the chemical-mapping speed by over five times compared to the uncompensated case. Finally, to further demonstrate utility, the approach is applied to a particle swarm optimization example for plume-source localization. The improvement is observed by how well the agents converge to the true chemical-gas source location when gas-sensor dynamics are taken into account. Specifically, for a static Gaussian plume source, feedforward compensation leads to 64% average improvement in localization success; and for a dynamic Quick Urban and Industrial Complex (QUIC) dispersion plume source, a 39% average improvement is observed. These results underscore the importance of sensor-dynamics compensation for enhancing mapping and source localization throughput, accuracy, and robustness.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('423','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_423\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HoffmanKC_2024.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HoffmanKC_2024.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HoffmanKC_2024.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4066513\" title=\"Follow DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4066513\" target=\"_blank\">doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4066513<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('423','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">77.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Magnetically-actuated Endoluminal Soft Robot with Electroactive Polymer Actuation for Enhanced Gait Performance\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/2024JMR-1.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Magnetically-actuated Endoluminal Soft Robot with Electroactive Polymer Actuation for Enhanced Gait Performance\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">J. A. Steiner; W. S. Nagel; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('422','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Magnetically-actuated Endoluminal Soft Robot with Electroactive Polymer Actuation for Enhanced Gait Performance<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">ASME J. Mechanisms and Robotics (In press), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 16, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 10, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 104503, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2024<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_422\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('422','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_422\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('422','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_422\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{SteinerJA_2024_JMR,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Magnetically-actuated Endoluminal Soft Robot with Electroactive Polymer Actuation for Enhanced Gait Performance},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {J. A. Steiner and W. S. Nagel and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/SteinerJA_2024_JMR.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4066130},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2024},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2024-08-22},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2024-08-22},<br \/>\r\njournal = {ASME J. Mechanisms and Robotics (In press)},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {16},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {10},<br \/>\r\npages = {104503},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('422','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_422\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/SteinerJA_2024_JMR.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/SteinerJA_2024_JMR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/SteinerJA_2024_JMR.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4066130\" title=\"Follow DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4066130\" target=\"_blank\">doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4066130<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('422','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">76.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Information-Theoretic Bayesian Inference for Multi-Agent Localization and Tracking of an RF Target with Unknown Waveform\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/2024_JDSMC.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Information-Theoretic Bayesian Inference for Multi-Agent Localization and Tracking of an RF Target with Unknown Waveform\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">N. R. Olsen; S. M. McKee; O. S. Haddadin; S. M. Lyon; J. E. Campbell; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('421','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Information-Theoretic Bayesian Inference for Multi-Agent Localization and Tracking of an RF Target with Unknown Waveform<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">ASME J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. and Cont., Special Issue on Data-Driven Modeling and Control of Dynamical Systems (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4066453), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 146, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_issue\">iss. 6, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 061104, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2024<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_421\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('421','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_421\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('421','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_421\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('421','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_421\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{OlsenNR_2024_JDSMC,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Information-Theoretic Bayesian Inference for Multi-Agent Localization and Tracking of an RF Target with Unknown Waveform},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {N. R. Olsen and S. M. McKee and O. S. Haddadin and S. M. Lyon and J. E. Campbell and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/OlsenNR_2024_JDSMC.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {10.1115\/1.4065592},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2024},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2024-08-22},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2024-08-22},<br \/>\r\njournal = {ASME J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. and Cont., Special Issue on Data-Driven Modeling and Control of Dynamical Systems (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4066453)},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {146},<br \/>\r\nissue = {6},<br \/>\r\npages = {061104},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {Information-theoretic motion planning and machine learning through Bayesian inference are exploited to localize and track a dynamic radio frequency (RF) emitter with unknown<br \/>\r\nwaveform (uncooperative target). A target-state estimator handles non-Gaussian distributions, while mutual information is utilized to coordinate the motion control of a network of mobile sensors (agents) to minimize measurement uncertainty. The mutual information is computed for pairs of sensors through a four-permutation-with-replacement process. The information surfaces are combined to create a composite map, which is then used by agents to plan their motion for more efficient and effective target estimation and tracking. Simulations and physical experiments involving micro-aerial vehicles with time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements are performed to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. Results show that when two or three agents are used, the algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art methods. Results also show that for four or more agents, the performance is as competitive as an idealized static sensor network.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('421','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_421\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">Information-theoretic motion planning and machine learning through Bayesian inference are exploited to localize and track a dynamic radio frequency (RF) emitter with unknown<br \/>\r\nwaveform (uncooperative target). A target-state estimator handles non-Gaussian distributions, while mutual information is utilized to coordinate the motion control of a network of mobile sensors (agents) to minimize measurement uncertainty. The mutual information is computed for pairs of sensors through a four-permutation-with-replacement process. The information surfaces are combined to create a composite map, which is then used by agents to plan their motion for more efficient and effective target estimation and tracking. Simulations and physical experiments involving micro-aerial vehicles with time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements are performed to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. Results show that when two or three agents are used, the algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art methods. Results also show that for four or more agents, the performance is as competitive as an idealized static sensor network.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('421','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_421\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/OlsenNR_2024_JDSMC.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/OlsenNR_2024_JDSMC.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/OlsenNR_2024_JDSMC.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4065592\" title=\"Follow DOI:10.1115\/1.4065592\" target=\"_blank\">doi:10.1115\/1.4065592<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('421','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2023\">2023<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">75.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Engineered IPMC Sensors: Modeling, Characterization, and Application towards Wearable Postural-tactile Measurement\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/2024_SMS.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Engineered IPMC Sensors: Modeling, Characterization, and Application towards Wearable Postural-tactile Measurement\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">W. S. Nagel, O. Fakharian, M. Aureli, K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('416','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Engineered IPMC Sensors: Modeling, Characterization, and Application towards Wearable Postural-tactile Measurement<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Smart Materials and Structures, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 33, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 015035  (12 pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2023<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_416\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('416','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_416\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('416','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_416\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('416','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_416\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{NagelWS_2024_SMS,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Engineered IPMC Sensors: Modeling, Characterization, and Application towards Wearable Postural-tactile Measurement},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {W. S. Nagel, O. Fakharian, M. Aureli, K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {10.1088\/1361-665X\/ad142b},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2023},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2023-12-22},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2023-12-22},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Smart Materials and Structures},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {33},<br \/>\r\npages = {015035  (12 pages)},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {This paper focuses on the modeling and development of engineered ionic polymer-metal composite (eIPMC) sensors for applications such as postural and tactile measurement in mechatronics\/robotics-assisted finger rehabilitation therapy. Specifically, to tailor the sensitivity of the device, eIPMCs, fabricated using a polymer-surface abrading technique, are utilized as the sensing element. An enhanced chemoelectromechanical model is developed that captures the effect of the abrading process on the multiphysics sensing behavior under different loading conditions. The fabricated sensors are characterized using scanning electron microscopy imaging and cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Results show significant improvement in the electrochemical properties, including charge storage, double layer capacitance, and surface conductance, compared to the control samples. Finally, prototype postural-tactile finger sensors composed of different eIPMC variants are created and their performance validated under postural and tactile experiments. The tailored eIPMC sensors show increased open-circuit voltage response compared to control IPMCs, with 7.7- and 4.7-times larger peak-to-peak bending response under postural changes, as well as a 3.2-times more sensitive response under compression during tactile loading, demonstrating the feasibility of eIPMC sensors.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('416','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_416\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">This paper focuses on the modeling and development of engineered ionic polymer-metal composite (eIPMC) sensors for applications such as postural and tactile measurement in mechatronics\/robotics-assisted finger rehabilitation therapy. Specifically, to tailor the sensitivity of the device, eIPMCs, fabricated using a polymer-surface abrading technique, are utilized as the sensing element. An enhanced chemoelectromechanical model is developed that captures the effect of the abrading process on the multiphysics sensing behavior under different loading conditions. The fabricated sensors are characterized using scanning electron microscopy imaging and cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Results show significant improvement in the electrochemical properties, including charge storage, double layer capacitance, and surface conductance, compared to the control samples. Finally, prototype postural-tactile finger sensors composed of different eIPMC variants are created and their performance validated under postural and tactile experiments. The tailored eIPMC sensors show increased open-circuit voltage response compared to control IPMCs, with 7.7- and 4.7-times larger peak-to-peak bending response under postural changes, as well as a 3.2-times more sensitive response under compression during tactile loading, demonstrating the feasibility of eIPMC sensors.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('416','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_416\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-665X\/ad142b\" title=\"Follow DOI:10.1088\/1361-665X\/ad142b\" target=\"_blank\">doi:10.1088\/1361-665X\/ad142b<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('416','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2022\">2022<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">74.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Feedforward Mutual-Information Anomaly Detection: Application to Autonomous Vehicles\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/2024_JAVS.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Feedforward Mutual-Information Anomaly Detection: Application to Autonomous Vehicles\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">S. M. McKee, O. S. Haddadin; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('417','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Feedforward Mutual-Information Anomaly Detection: Application to Autonomous Vehicles<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">ASME Journal of Autonomous Vehicles and Systems, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 2, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_issue\">iss. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 041003 (7 pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2022<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_417\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('417','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_417\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('417','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_417\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('417','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_417\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{McKeeSM_2022_JAVS,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Feedforward Mutual-Information Anomaly Detection: Application to Autonomous Vehicles},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {S. M. McKee, O. S. Haddadin and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/McKeeSM_2024_JAVS.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {10.1115\/1.4064519},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2022},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2022-10-01},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2024-02-13},<br \/>\r\njournal = {ASME Journal of Autonomous Vehicles and Systems},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {2},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {041003 (7 pages)},<br \/>\r\nissue = {4},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {This paper describes a mutual-information (MI)-based approach that exploits a dynamics model to quantify and detect anomalies for applications such as autonomous vehicles. First, the MI is utilized to quantify the level of uncertainty associated with the driving behaviors of a vehicle. The MI approach handles novel anomalies without the need for data-intensive training; and the metric readily applies to multivariate datasets for improved robustness compared to, e.g., monitoring vehicle tracking error. Second, to further improve the response time of anomaly detection, current and past measurements are combined with a predictive component that utilizes the vehicle dynamics model. This approach compensates for the lag in the anomaly detection process compared to strictly using current and past measurements. Finally, three different MI-based strategies are described and compared experimentally: anomaly detection using MI with (1) current and past measurements (reaction), (2) current and future information (prediction), and (3) a combination of past and future information (reaction\u2013prediction) with three different time windows. The experiments demonstrate quantification and detection of anomalies in three driving situations: (1) veering off the road, (2) driving on the wrong side of the road, and (3) swerving within a lane. Results show that by anticipating the movements of the vehicle, the quality and response time of the anomaly detection are more favorable for decision-making while not raising false alarms compared to just using current and past measurements.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('417','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_417\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">This paper describes a mutual-information (MI)-based approach that exploits a dynamics model to quantify and detect anomalies for applications such as autonomous vehicles. First, the MI is utilized to quantify the level of uncertainty associated with the driving behaviors of a vehicle. The MI approach handles novel anomalies without the need for data-intensive training; and the metric readily applies to multivariate datasets for improved robustness compared to, e.g., monitoring vehicle tracking error. Second, to further improve the response time of anomaly detection, current and past measurements are combined with a predictive component that utilizes the vehicle dynamics model. This approach compensates for the lag in the anomaly detection process compared to strictly using current and past measurements. Finally, three different MI-based strategies are described and compared experimentally: anomaly detection using MI with (1) current and past measurements (reaction), (2) current and future information (prediction), and (3) a combination of past and future information (reaction\u2013prediction) with three different time windows. The experiments demonstrate quantification and detection of anomalies in three driving situations: (1) veering off the road, (2) driving on the wrong side of the road, and (3) swerving within a lane. Results show that by anticipating the movements of the vehicle, the quality and response time of the anomaly detection are more favorable for decision-making while not raising false alarms compared to just using current and past measurements.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('417','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_417\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/McKeeSM_2024_JAVS.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/McKeeSM_2024_JAVS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/McKeeSM_2024_JAVS.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4064519\" title=\"Follow DOI:10.1115\/1.4064519\" target=\"_blank\">doi:10.1115\/1.4064519<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('417','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">73.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Low-Coupling Hybrid Parallel-Serial-Kinematic Nanopositioner with Nonorthogonal Flexure: Nonlinear Design and Control\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/2022_TMech.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Low-Coupling Hybrid Parallel-Serial-Kinematic Nanopositioner with Nonorthogonal Flexure: Nonlinear Design and Control\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">W. S. Nagel, S. Andersson, G. Clayton; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Low-Coupling Hybrid Parallel-Serial-Kinematic Nanopositioner with Nonorthogonal Flexure: Nonlinear Design and Control <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE\/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 27, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_issue\">iss. 5, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 3683-3693, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2022<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_405\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('405','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_405\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('405','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_405\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{NagelWS_2022_Tmech,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Low-Coupling Hybrid Parallel-Serial-Kinematic Nanopositioner with Nonorthogonal Flexure: Nonlinear Design and Control},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {W. S. Nagel, S. Andersson, G. Clayton and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2022},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2022-10-01},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2021-11-18},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE\/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {27},<br \/>\r\nissue = {5},<br \/>\r\npages = {3683-3693},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {This article focuses on the design and high-precision control of a new dual-stage, three-axis hybrid parallel-serial-kinematic nanopositioner developed specifically for feature-tracking applications with arbitrary scanning directions. Dual-actuation is achieved by integrating a three-axis shear piezoelectric actuator into the large-range planar stage. A novel nonorthogonal compliant motion-amplifying mechanism which reorients the lateral sample-platform displacement to align with the principal directions of the input piezoactuators is used to minimize parasitic (coupling) motion. A nonlinear rigid-link model and finite element analysis (FEA) are used to optimize over the orientation parameter during the design process. A prototype stage is manufactured and tested, and the lateral and vertical travel ranges are approximately 18 \u00d7 21 and 1 \u03bc m, respectively, with secondary lateral actuation in the range of 1 \u00d7 1 \u03bc m. Coupling in the long-range stage is below -31 dB for both axes, an estimated 51 to 86% reduction compared to a traditional perpendicular-mechanism design. The measured dominant resonances for the lateral directions of the long-range stage are approximately 1.4 kHz, while short-range positioner resonances are approximately 11 and 40 kHz for the lateral and vertical directions, respectively. The design of a new feedforward-feedback controller is described, and the controller is implemented with field-programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware, where individual actuator contributions are intuitively determined by shaping the frequency response of their relative and summed displacements. An inverse hysteresis operator is used to linearize the plant behavior for effective motion control. Experimental tracking and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the new mechanical and control system designs.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('405','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_405\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">This article focuses on the design and high-precision control of a new dual-stage, three-axis hybrid parallel-serial-kinematic nanopositioner developed specifically for feature-tracking applications with arbitrary scanning directions. Dual-actuation is achieved by integrating a three-axis shear piezoelectric actuator into the large-range planar stage. A novel nonorthogonal compliant motion-amplifying mechanism which reorients the lateral sample-platform displacement to align with the principal directions of the input piezoactuators is used to minimize parasitic (coupling) motion. A nonlinear rigid-link model and finite element analysis (FEA) are used to optimize over the orientation parameter during the design process. A prototype stage is manufactured and tested, and the lateral and vertical travel ranges are approximately 18 \u00d7 21 and 1 \u03bc m, respectively, with secondary lateral actuation in the range of 1 \u00d7 1 \u03bc m. Coupling in the long-range stage is below -31 dB for both axes, an estimated 51 to 86% reduction compared to a traditional perpendicular-mechanism design. The measured dominant resonances for the lateral directions of the long-range stage are approximately 1.4 kHz, while short-range positioner resonances are approximately 11 and 40 kHz for the lateral and vertical directions, respectively. The design of a new feedforward-feedback controller is described, and the controller is implemented with field-programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware, where individual actuator contributions are intuitively determined by shaping the frequency response of their relative and summed displacements. An inverse hysteresis operator is used to linearize the plant behavior for effective motion control. Experimental tracking and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the new mechanical and control system designs.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('405','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">72.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Modeling and Analysis of a Soft Endoluminal Inchworm Robot Propelled by Rotating Magnetic Dipole Fields\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/2022_ASME_JMR.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Modeling and Analysis of a Soft Endoluminal Inchworm Robot Propelled by Rotating Magnetic Dipole Fields\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">J. S. Steiner, L. Pham, J. J. Abbott; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Modeling and Analysis of a Soft Endoluminal Inchworm Robot Propelled by Rotating Magnetic Dipole Fields <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">ASME J. of Mechanisms and Robotics, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 14, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_issue\">iss. 5, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 051002 (11 pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2022<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_406\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('406','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_406\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{SteinerJS_2021_JMR,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Modeling and Analysis of a Soft Endoluminal Inchworm Robot Propelled by Rotating Magnetic Dipole Fields},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {J. S. Steiner, L. Pham, J. J. Abbott and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2022},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2022-10-01},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2022-10-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {ASME J. of Mechanisms and Robotics},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {14},<br \/>\r\nissue = {5},<br \/>\r\npages = {051002 (11 pages)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('406','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2021\">2021<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">71.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Ionic Polymer Metal Composite Compression Sensors with 3D-Structured Interfaces\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/2022_SMS.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Ionic Polymer Metal Composite Compression Sensors with 3D-Structured Interfaces\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">R. Histed, J. Ngo, O. Hussain, C. K. Lapins, O. Fakharian, K. K. Leang, Y. Liao, M. Aureli<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Ionic Polymer Metal Composite Compression Sensors with 3D-Structured Interfaces <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Smart Materials and Structures, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 30, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 12, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 125027, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2021<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_407\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('407','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_407\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{HistedR_2021_SMS,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Ionic Polymer Metal Composite Compression Sensors with 3D-Structured Interfaces},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {R. Histed, J. Ngo, O. Hussain, C. K. Lapins, O. Fakharian, K. K. Leang, Y. Liao, M. Aureli},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2021},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2021-11-01},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2021-10-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Smart Materials and Structures},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {30},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {12},<br \/>\r\npages = {125027},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('407','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">70.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Manufacturing for the masses: a novel concept for consumer 3D printer networks in the context of crisis relief\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/2021_AIS.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Manufacturing for the masses: a novel concept for consumer 3D printer networks in the context of crisis relief\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">B. Raeymaekers, K. K. Leang, M. Porfiri; S. Xu<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('408','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Manufacturing for the masses: a novel concept for consumer 3D printer networks in the context of crisis relief<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Advanced Intelligent Systems, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 202100121, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2021<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_408\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('408','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_408\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('408','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_408\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{RaeymaekersB_2021_AIS,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Manufacturing for the masses: a novel concept for consumer 3D printer networks in the context of crisis relief},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {B. Raeymaekers, K. K. Leang, M. Porfiri and S. Xu},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/RaeymaekersB_2021.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aisy.202100121},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2021},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2021-09-29},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Advanced Intelligent Systems},<br \/>\r\npages = {202100121},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('408','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_408\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/RaeymaekersB_2021.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/RaeymaekersB_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/RaeymaekersB_2021.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aisy.202100121\" title=\"Follow DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aisy.202100121\" target=\"_blank\">doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aisy.202100121<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('408','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">69.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Particle swarm optimization for source localization in realistic complex urban environments\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/2021_AE.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Particle swarm optimization for source localization in realistic complex urban environments\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">N. Gunawardena, K. K. Leang; E. R. Pardyjak<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('403','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Particle swarm optimization for source localization in realistic complex urban environments<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Atmospheric Environment, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 262, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 118636, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2021<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_403\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('403','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_403\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('403','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_403\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('403','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_403\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{GunawardenaN_2021,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Particle swarm optimization for source localization in realistic complex urban environments},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {N. Gunawardena, K. K. Leang and E. R. Pardyjak},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118636},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2021},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2021-07-30},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Atmospheric Environment},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {262},<br \/>\r\npages = {118636},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {In this work, we present a method to localize a source in complex urban environments using particle swarm optimization (PSO). Instead of using PSO to minimize the difference between a plume model and measurements as is often done, PSO is run such that each particle is modeled by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that measures and directly finds the global maximum of the concentration field. Several modifications were made to PSO to allow it to perform successfully in this application. The synthetic data used to test PSO were produced using the 3D building resolving Quick Urban & Industrial Complex Dispersion Modeling System (QUIC), and PSO was implemented in Python. Three different domains were tested: (1) a case with no obstacles, (2) a case with four large obstacles, and (3) a real-world case modeled after the Joint Urban 2003 experiment in Oklahoma City. We found that PSO works well in idealized and real cases. In the Oklahoma City simulation, approximately 90% of the PSO runs with 10 particles make it to within 1% of the maximum domain distance to the source, and approximately 98% of the PSO runs with 50 particles make it to within 1% of the maximum domain distance to the source. However, PSO is not completely immune to local maxima, and there is the possibility of convergence to the wrong point in the domain. The insight from this study can be used to inform first responders or create a tool that can be implemented on UAVs to locate a contaminant source.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('403','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_403\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">In this work, we present a method to localize a source in complex urban environments using particle swarm optimization (PSO). Instead of using PSO to minimize the difference between a plume model and measurements as is often done, PSO is run such that each particle is modeled by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that measures and directly finds the global maximum of the concentration field. Several modifications were made to PSO to allow it to perform successfully in this application. The synthetic data used to test PSO were produced using the 3D building resolving Quick Urban &amp; Industrial Complex Dispersion Modeling System (QUIC), and PSO was implemented in Python. Three different domains were tested: (1) a case with no obstacles, (2) a case with four large obstacles, and (3) a real-world case modeled after the Joint Urban 2003 experiment in Oklahoma City. We found that PSO works well in idealized and real cases. In the Oklahoma City simulation, approximately 90% of the PSO runs with 10 particles make it to within 1% of the maximum domain distance to the source, and approximately 98% of the PSO runs with 50 particles make it to within 1% of the maximum domain distance to the source. However, PSO is not completely immune to local maxima, and there is the possibility of convergence to the wrong point in the domain. The insight from this study can be used to inform first responders or create a tool that can be implemented on UAVs to locate a contaminant source.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('403','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_403\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118636\" title=\"Follow DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118636\" target=\"_blank\">doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118636<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('403','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">68.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Near-Optimal Area-Coverage Path Planning of Energy Constrained Aerial Robots with Application in Autonomous Environmental Monitoring\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/2019_TASE.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Near-Optimal Area-Coverage Path Planning of Energy Constrained Aerial Robots with Application in Autonomous Environmental Monitoring\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">K. R. Jenson-Nau, T. Hermans; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('378','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Near-Optimal Area-Coverage Path Planning of Energy Constrained Aerial Robots with Application in Autonomous Environmental Monitoring<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Trans. on Automation Science and Engineering, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 18, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_issue\">iss. 3, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 1453-1668, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2021<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_378\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('378','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_378\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('378','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_378\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('378','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_378\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{JensonNau_2021_TASE,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Near-Optimal Area-Coverage Path Planning of Energy Constrained Aerial Robots with Application in Autonomous Environmental Monitoring},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {K. R. Jenson-Nau, T. Hermans and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/JensonNauK_2020.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {10.1109\/TASE.2020.3016276},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2021},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2021-07-01},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2020-08-31},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Trans. on Automation Science and Engineering},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {18},<br \/>\r\nissue = {3},<br \/>\r\npages = {1453-1668},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {This article describes a Voronoi-based path generation (VPG) algorithm for an energy-constrained mobile robot, such as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The algorithm solves a variation of the coverage path-planning problem where complete coverage of an area is not possible due to path-length limits caused by energy constraints on the robot. The algorithm works by modeling the path as a connected network of mass-spring-damper systems. The approach further leverages the properties of Voronoi diagrams to generate a potential field to move path waypoints to near-optimal configurations while maintaining path-length constraints. Simulation and physical experiments on an aerial vehicle are described. Simulated runtimes show linear-time complexity with respect to the number of path waypoints. Tests in variously shaped areas demonstrate that the method can generate paths in both convex and nonconvex areas. Comparison tests with other path generation methods demonstrate that the VPG algorithm strikes a good balance between runtime and optimality, with significantly better runtime than direct optimization, lower cost coverage paths than a lawnmower-style coverage path, and moderately better performance in both metrics than the most conceptually similar method. Physical experiments demonstrate the applicability of the VPG method to a physical UAV, and comparisons between real-world results and simulations show that the costs of the generated paths are within a few percent of each other, implying that analysis performed in simulation will hold for real-world application, assuming that the robot is capable of closely following the path and a good energy model is available.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('378','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_378\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">This article describes a Voronoi-based path generation (VPG) algorithm for an energy-constrained mobile robot, such as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The algorithm solves a variation of the coverage path-planning problem where complete coverage of an area is not possible due to path-length limits caused by energy constraints on the robot. The algorithm works by modeling the path as a connected network of mass-spring-damper systems. The approach further leverages the properties of Voronoi diagrams to generate a potential field to move path waypoints to near-optimal configurations while maintaining path-length constraints. Simulation and physical experiments on an aerial vehicle are described. Simulated runtimes show linear-time complexity with respect to the number of path waypoints. Tests in variously shaped areas demonstrate that the method can generate paths in both convex and nonconvex areas. Comparison tests with other path generation methods demonstrate that the VPG algorithm strikes a good balance between runtime and optimality, with significantly better runtime than direct optimization, lower cost coverage paths than a lawnmower-style coverage path, and moderately better performance in both metrics than the most conceptually similar method. Physical experiments demonstrate the applicability of the VPG method to a physical UAV, and comparisons between real-world results and simulations show that the costs of the generated paths are within a few percent of each other, implying that analysis performed in simulation will hold for real-world application, assuming that the robot is capable of closely following the path and a good energy model is available.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('378','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_378\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/JensonNauK_2020.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/JensonNauK_2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/JensonNauK_2020.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/TASE.2020.3016276\" title=\"Follow DOI:10.1109\/TASE.2020.3016276\" target=\"_blank\">doi:10.1109\/TASE.2020.3016276<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('378','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">67.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Closed-loop Range-Based Control of Dual-Stage Nanopositioning Systems\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/2019_TMECH_Sasha.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Closed-loop Range-Based Control of Dual-Stage Nanopositioning Systems\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">A. Mitrovic, W. S. Nagel, K. K. Leang; G. M. Clayton <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('390','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Closed-loop Range-Based Control of Dual-Stage Nanopositioning Systems<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE\/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 26, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_issue\">iss. 3, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 1412-1421, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2021<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_390\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('390','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_390\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('390','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_390\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('390','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_390\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{MitrovicA_2019_TmechSpecialIssue,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Closed-loop Range-Based Control of Dual-Stage Nanopositioning Systems},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {A. Mitrovic, W. S. Nagel, K. K. Leang and G. M. Clayton },<br \/>\r\ndoi = {10.1109\/TMECH.2020.3020047},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2021},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2021-06-01},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2021-06-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE\/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {26},<br \/>\r\nissue = {3},<br \/>\r\npages = {1412-1421},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {In this paper, a closed-loop control framework for dual-stage nanopositioning systems is presented that allows the user to allocate control efforts to the individual actuators based on their range capabilities. Recent work by the authors has focused on range-based control of dual-stage actuators implemented as a prefilter, which assumes that each individual actuator has sensor feedback enabling them to be controlled separately. This paper seeks to address the problem of range-based control of dual-stage systems when sensor measurements are only available from the total output of the system, a commonly encountered design. This is a significant departure from previous work since the range-based filter is included in the dual-stage system feedback loop and stability becomes a concern. In this work, the controller is presented, stability conditions are determined, and imaging experiments are performed on an atomic force microscope (AFM). Tracking results show that the root-mean-square (RMS) tracking error for various triangular reference trajectories is improved with the presented range-based control structure by up to 50% compared to frequency-based methods.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('390','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_390\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">In this paper, a closed-loop control framework for dual-stage nanopositioning systems is presented that allows the user to allocate control efforts to the individual actuators based on their range capabilities. Recent work by the authors has focused on range-based control of dual-stage actuators implemented as a prefilter, which assumes that each individual actuator has sensor feedback enabling them to be controlled separately. This paper seeks to address the problem of range-based control of dual-stage systems when sensor measurements are only available from the total output of the system, a commonly encountered design. This is a significant departure from previous work since the range-based filter is included in the dual-stage system feedback loop and stability becomes a concern. In this work, the controller is presented, stability conditions are determined, and imaging experiments are performed on an atomic force microscope (AFM). Tracking results show that the root-mean-square (RMS) tracking error for various triangular reference trajectories is improved with the presented range-based control structure by up to 50% compared to frequency-based methods.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('390','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_390\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/TMECH.2020.3020047\" title=\"Follow DOI:10.1109\/TMECH.2020.3020047\" target=\"_blank\">doi:10.1109\/TMECH.2020.3020047<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('390','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">66.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"The American Control Conference [Conference report]\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/2021_ACCreport.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"The American Control Conference [Conference report]\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">S. Devasia, M. Grover; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">The American Control Conference [Conference report] <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Control Systems Magazine, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 41, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 1, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 82-86, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2021<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_404\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('404','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_404\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{DevasiaS_2021,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {The American Control Conference [Conference report]},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {S. Devasia, M. Grover and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2021},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2021-02-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Control Systems Magazine},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {41},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {1},<br \/>\r\npages = {82-86},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('404','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2020\">2020<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">65.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Soft Endoluminal Robots Propelled by Rotating Magnetic Dipole Fields\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/2020_TMRB.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Soft Endoluminal Robots Propelled by Rotating Magnetic Dipole Fields\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">L. Pham, J. A. Steiner, K. K. Leang; J. J. Abbott<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('402','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Soft Endoluminal Robots Propelled by Rotating Magnetic Dipole Fields<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\"> IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 2, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 598-607, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2020<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_402\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('402','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_402\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('402','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_402\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('402','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_402\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{PhamL_2020_TMRB,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Soft Endoluminal Robots Propelled by Rotating Magnetic Dipole Fields},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {L. Pham, J. A. Steiner, K. K. Leang and J. J. Abbott},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PhamL_2020.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {10.1109\/TMRB.2020.3027871},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2020},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2020-11-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = { IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {2},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {4},<br \/>\r\npages = {598-607},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {Medical procedures often involve a device moving through a natural lumen of the human body (e.g., intestines, blood vessels). However, with existing technology, it is difficult, impossible, or traumatic to reach certain locations. In this article, we present a magnetically actuated soft-robotic concept for use in endoluminal applications (e.g., capsule endoscopes and catheters). The soft endoluminal robot is a simple device comprising two or more permanent magnets, axially magnetized and embedded co-axially with alternating polarity in a compliant body, with an optional internal lumen, actuated by an external rotating magnetic dipole field. We use simulations to elucidate the actuation concept\u2019s underlying physics and, combined with experiments, demonstrate how the proposed concept outperforms other potential variations. We experimentally demonstrate the robustness to misalignment between the soft robot and the applied field, enabling operation in different applications without precise knowledge of the robot\u2019s orientation or precise control of the actuator dipole field. Experiments are then performed inside a synthetic bowel to compare capsule-endoscope-size robots and multi-component robots formed by connecting multiple capsule-endoscope-size robots axially. Finally, experiments in a synthetic stomach show how the concept lends itself to directed self-assembly in the stomach, thus creating robots that are larger than could be swallowed.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('402','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_402\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">Medical procedures often involve a device moving through a natural lumen of the human body (e.g., intestines, blood vessels). However, with existing technology, it is difficult, impossible, or traumatic to reach certain locations. In this article, we present a magnetically actuated soft-robotic concept for use in endoluminal applications (e.g., capsule endoscopes and catheters). The soft endoluminal robot is a simple device comprising two or more permanent magnets, axially magnetized and embedded co-axially with alternating polarity in a compliant body, with an optional internal lumen, actuated by an external rotating magnetic dipole field. We use simulations to elucidate the actuation concept\u2019s underlying physics and, combined with experiments, demonstrate how the proposed concept outperforms other potential variations. We experimentally demonstrate the robustness to misalignment between the soft robot and the applied field, enabling operation in different applications without precise knowledge of the robot\u2019s orientation or precise control of the actuator dipole field. Experiments are then performed inside a synthetic bowel to compare capsule-endoscope-size robots and multi-component robots formed by connecting multiple capsule-endoscope-size robots axially. Finally, experiments in a synthetic stomach show how the concept lends itself to directed self-assembly in the stomach, thus creating robots that are larger than could be swallowed.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('402','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_402\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PhamL_2020.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PhamL_2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PhamL_2020.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/TMRB.2020.3027871\" title=\"Follow DOI:10.1109\/TMRB.2020.3027871\" target=\"_blank\">doi:10.1109\/TMRB.2020.3027871<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('402','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">64.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Quasi-Steady In-Ground-Effect Model for Single and Multi-Rotor Aerial Vehicles\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/2019_AIAA_Journal.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Quasi-Steady In-Ground-Effect Model for Single and Multi-Rotor Aerial Vehicles\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">X. He; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('394','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Quasi-Steady In-Ground-Effect Model for Single and Multi-Rotor Aerial Vehicles<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">AIAA Journal, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 58, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 2, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 5318 - 5331, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2020<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_394\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('394','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_394\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('394','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_394\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{HeX_2019_AIAA_Journal,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Quasi-Steady In-Ground-Effect Model for Single and Multi-Rotor Aerial Vehicles},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {X. He and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HeX_2020_AIAA.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {10.2514\/1.J059223},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2020},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2020-11-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {AIAA Journal},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {58},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {2},<br \/>\r\npages = {5318 - 5331},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('394','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_394\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HeX_2020_AIAA.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HeX_2020_AIAA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HeX_2020_AIAA.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2514\/1.J059223\" title=\"Follow DOI:10.2514\/1.J059223\" target=\"_blank\">doi:10.2514\/1.J059223<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('394','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">63.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Decentralized Multi-Agent Information-Theoretic Control for Target Estimation and Localization: Finding Chemical Leaks\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/2020_IJRR.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Decentralized Multi-Agent Information-Theoretic Control for Target Estimation and Localization: Finding Chemical Leaks\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">J. R. Bourne, M. Goodell, X. He, J. Steiner; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('395','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Decentralized Multi-Agent Information-Theoretic Control for Target Estimation and Localization: Finding Chemical Leaks<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">International Journal of Robotics Research, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 39, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 13, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 1525 - 1548, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2020<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_395\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('395','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_395\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('395','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_395\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{BourneJR_2020_IJRR,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Decentralized Multi-Agent Information-Theoretic Control for Target Estimation and Localization: Finding Chemical Leaks},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {J. R. Bourne, M. Goodell, X. He, J. Steiner and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/BourneJR_2020_IJRR.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0278364920957090},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2020},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2020-07-17},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2020-07-17},<br \/>\r\njournal = {International Journal of Robotics Research},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {39},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {13},<br \/>\r\npages = {1525 - 1548},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('395','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_395\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/BourneJR_2020_IJRR.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/BourneJR_2020_IJRR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/BourneJR_2020_IJRR.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0278364920957090\" title=\"Follow DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0278364920957090\" target=\"_blank\">doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0278364920957090<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('395','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">62.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Image-based Estimation, Planning, and Control for High-speed Flying through Multiple Openings\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/2020_Guo_IJRR.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Image-based Estimation, Planning, and Control for High-speed Flying through Multiple Openings\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">D. Guo; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('391','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Image-based Estimation, Planning, and Control for High-speed Flying through Multiple Openings<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">International Journal of Robotics Research, Vol. 39, No. 9, pp. 122-1137, 2020, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2020<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_391\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('391','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_391\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('391','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_391\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{GuoD_2019_IJRR,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Image-based Estimation, Planning, and Control for High-speed Flying through Multiple Openings},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {D. Guo and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/GuoD_2020_IJRR.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0278364920921943},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2020},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2020-06-27},<br \/>\r\njournal = {International Journal of Robotics Research, Vol. 39, No. 9, pp. 122-1137, 2020},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('391','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_391\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/GuoD_2020_IJRR.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/GuoD_2020_IJRR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/GuoD_2020_IJRR.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0278364920921943\" title=\"Follow DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0278364920921943\" target=\"_blank\">doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0278364920921943<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('391','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">61.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Analysis and Experimental Comparison of Range-based Control for Dual-Stage Nanopositioners\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/2019_Mechatronics_Sasha.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Analysis and Experimental Comparison of Range-based Control for Dual-Stage Nanopositioners\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">A. Mitrovic, K. K. Leang; G. M. Clayton <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('389','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Analysis and Experimental Comparison of Range-based Control for Dual-Stage Nanopositioners<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Mechatronics, Vol. 69, pp. 102371, 2020, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2020<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_389\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('389','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_389\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('389','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_389\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{MitrovicA_2019_Mechatronics,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Analysis and Experimental Comparison of Range-based Control for Dual-Stage Nanopositioners},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {A. Mitrovic, K. K. Leang and G. M. Clayton },<br \/>\r\ndoi = {https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2020.102371},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2020},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2020-04-27},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Mechatronics, Vol. 69, pp. 102371, 2020},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('389','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_389\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2020.102371\" title=\"Follow DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2020.102371\" target=\"_blank\">doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2020.102371<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('389','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">60.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Spatial-Temporal Trajectory Redesign for Dual-Stage Nanopositioning Systems with Application in AFM\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/2019_TMECH_Guo.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Spatial-Temporal Trajectory Redesign for Dual-Stage Nanopositioning Systems with Application in AFM\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">D. Guo, B. Nagel, G. M. Clayton; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('372','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Spatial-Temporal Trajectory Redesign for Dual-Stage Nanopositioning Systems with Application in AFM<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE\/ASME Trans. on Mechatronics, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 25, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 2, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 558 - 569, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2020<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_372\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('372','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_372\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('372','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_372\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('372','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_372\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{GuoD_2020_Tmech,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Spatial-Temporal Trajectory Redesign for Dual-Stage Nanopositioning Systems with Application in AFM},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {D. Guo, B. Nagel, G. M. Clayton and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {10.1109\/TMECH.2020.2971755},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2020},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2020-02-25},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE\/ASME Trans. on Mechatronics},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {25},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {2},<br \/>\r\npages = {558 - 569},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {This article focuses on trajectory redesign for dual-stage nanopositioning systems, where speed, range, and resolution are considered. Dual-stage nanopositioning systems are becoming increasingly popular due to their unique ability to achieve long-range and high-speed operation. Conventional trajectory assignment methods for dual-stage systems commonly consider frequency characteristics of the actuators, a process that can inappropriately allocate short-range, low-frequency components of a reference signal. A new systematic range-and-temporal-based trajectory-redesign process is presented, where the desired trajectory is first split based on achievable positioning bandwidth, and then, split spatially based on the achievable range and positioning resolution. Inversion-based feedforward control techniques are then used to compensate for the dynamic and hysteretic behaviors of a piezo-based prototype dual-stage positioner; this control architecture is selected to emphasize improvements achieved through the new trajectory-redesign method, as well as allow for implementation onto platforms with minimal sensing capabilities. Simulations and atomic force microscope experiments are included to demonstrate the success of this redesign procedure compared to approaches that consider frequency or range alone.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('372','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_372\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">This article focuses on trajectory redesign for dual-stage nanopositioning systems, where speed, range, and resolution are considered. Dual-stage nanopositioning systems are becoming increasingly popular due to their unique ability to achieve long-range and high-speed operation. Conventional trajectory assignment methods for dual-stage systems commonly consider frequency characteristics of the actuators, a process that can inappropriately allocate short-range, low-frequency components of a reference signal. A new systematic range-and-temporal-based trajectory-redesign process is presented, where the desired trajectory is first split based on achievable positioning bandwidth, and then, split spatially based on the achievable range and positioning resolution. Inversion-based feedforward control techniques are then used to compensate for the dynamic and hysteretic behaviors of a piezo-based prototype dual-stage positioner; this control architecture is selected to emphasize improvements achieved through the new trajectory-redesign method, as well as allow for implementation onto platforms with minimal sensing capabilities. Simulations and atomic force microscope experiments are included to demonstrate the success of this redesign procedure compared to approaches that consider frequency or range alone.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('372','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_372\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/TMECH.2020.2971755\" title=\"Follow DOI:10.1109\/TMECH.2020.2971755\" target=\"_blank\">doi:10.1109\/TMECH.2020.2971755<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('372','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">59.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Image-Based Estimation, Planning, and Control of Cable-Suspended Payload for Package Delivery\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/2020_Guo_RAL.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Image-Based Estimation, Planning, and Control of Cable-Suspended Payload for Package Delivery\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">D. Guo; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('398','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Image-Based Estimation, Planning, and Control of Cable-Suspended Payload for Package Delivery<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 5, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 2, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 2698-2705, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2020<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_398\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('398','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_398\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('398','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_398\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{GuoD_2020_RAL,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Image-Based Estimation, Planning, and Control of Cable-Suspended Payload for Package Delivery},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {D. Guo and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {10.1109\/LRA.2020.2972855 },<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2020},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2020-01-29},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {5},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {2},<br \/>\r\npages = {2698-2705},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('398','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_398\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/LRA.2020.2972855 \" title=\"Follow DOI:10.1109\/LRA.2020.2972855 \" target=\"_blank\">doi:10.1109\/LRA.2020.2972855 <\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('398','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2019\">2019<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">58.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"3D-Printing and Machine Learning Control of Soft Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuators\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/2019_SR.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"3D-Printing and Machine Learning Control of Soft Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuators\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">J. D. Carrico, T. Hermans, K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('379','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">3D-Printing and Machine Learning Control of Soft Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuators<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Nature Scientific Reports, Soft sensors and actuators Collection, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 9, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 17482 , <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2019<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_379\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('379','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_379\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('379','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_379\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{CarricoJD_2019_SR,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {3D-Printing and Machine Learning Control of Soft Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuators},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {J. D. Carrico, T. Hermans, K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2019_SR.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2019},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2019-11-12},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Nature Scientific Reports, Soft sensors and actuators Collection},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {9},<br \/>\r\npages = {17482 },<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('379','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_379\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2019_SR.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2019_SR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2019_SR.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('379','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">57.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Coordinated Bayesian-based Bio-Inspired Plume Source Term Estimation and Source Seeking for Mobile Robots\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/2018TRO.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Coordinated Bayesian-based Bio-Inspired Plume Source Term Estimation and Source Seeking for Mobile Robots\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">J. R. Bourne, E. Pardyjak, K .K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('364','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Coordinated Bayesian-based Bio-Inspired Plume Source Term Estimation and Source Seeking for Mobile Robots<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Transactions on Robotics (DOI: 10.1109\/TRO.2019.2912520), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 35, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 967-986, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2019<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_364\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('364','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_364\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('364','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_364\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('364','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_364\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{BourneJR_2018a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Coordinated Bayesian-based Bio-Inspired Plume Source Term Estimation and Source Seeking for Mobile Robots},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {J. R. Bourne, E. Pardyjak, K .K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/BourneJR_2019_TRO.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2019},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2019-05-28},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2019-05-28},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Transactions on Robotics (DOI: 10.1109\/TRO.2019.2912520)},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {35},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {4},<br \/>\r\npages = {967-986},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {A new non-parametric Bayesian-based motion planning algorithm for autonomous plume source term estimation (STE) and source seeking (SS) is presented. The algorithm is designed for mobile robots equipped with gas concentration sensors. Specifically, robots coordinate and utilize a Gaussian-plume likelihood model in a Bayesian-based STE process, then simultaneously search for and navigate toward the source through model-based, bio-inspired SS methods such as biased-random walk and surge-casting. Compared to state-of-the-art Bayesian and sensor-based STE\/SS motion planners, the strategy described takes advantage of coordination between multiple robots and the estimated plume model for faster and more robust SS, rather than relying on direct (or filtered) sensor measurements which can be highly sensitive to noise and unsteady atmospheric conditions. A set of Monte Carlo simulation studies are conducted to compare the performance between the uncoordinated and coordinated algorithms for different robot team sizes and starting conditions. Additionally, the algorithms are validated experimentally through a laboratory-safe, realistic humid-air plume that behaves similar to gas plumes, to test STE and SS using mobile ground robots equipped with low-cost humidity sensors.  Simulation and experimental results show consistently that the coordinated Bayesian-based STE and SS algorithm outperforms traditional bio-inspired SS algorithms and is approximately twice as fast as the uncoordinated case. Finally, the plume source is distorted to study the algorithm\u2019s limitations and impact on STE and SS, where results show that even for distorted plumes, useful source localization information can be obtained.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('364','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_364\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">A new non-parametric Bayesian-based motion planning algorithm for autonomous plume source term estimation (STE) and source seeking (SS) is presented. The algorithm is designed for mobile robots equipped with gas concentration sensors. Specifically, robots coordinate and utilize a Gaussian-plume likelihood model in a Bayesian-based STE process, then simultaneously search for and navigate toward the source through model-based, bio-inspired SS methods such as biased-random walk and surge-casting. Compared to state-of-the-art Bayesian and sensor-based STE\/SS motion planners, the strategy described takes advantage of coordination between multiple robots and the estimated plume model for faster and more robust SS, rather than relying on direct (or filtered) sensor measurements which can be highly sensitive to noise and unsteady atmospheric conditions. A set of Monte Carlo simulation studies are conducted to compare the performance between the uncoordinated and coordinated algorithms for different robot team sizes and starting conditions. Additionally, the algorithms are validated experimentally through a laboratory-safe, realistic humid-air plume that behaves similar to gas plumes, to test STE and SS using mobile ground robots equipped with low-cost humidity sensors.  Simulation and experimental results show consistently that the coordinated Bayesian-based STE and SS algorithm outperforms traditional bio-inspired SS algorithms and is approximately twice as fast as the uncoordinated case. Finally, the plume source is distorted to study the algorithm\u2019s limitations and impact on STE and SS, where results show that even for distorted plumes, useful source localization information can be obtained.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('364','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_364\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/BourneJR_2019_TRO.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/BourneJR_2019_TRO.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/BourneJR_2019_TRO.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('364','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">56.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Multi-rotor In-Ground-Effect Modeling and Adaptive Nonlinear Disturbance Observer for Closed-loop UAV Control\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/2018_JDSMC.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Multi-rotor In-Ground-Effect Modeling and Adaptive Nonlinear Disturbance Observer for Closed-loop UAV Control\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">X. He, G. Kou, M. Calaf; K. K. Leang,<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Multi-rotor In-Ground-Effect Modeling and Adaptive Nonlinear Disturbance Observer for Closed-loop UAV Control <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">ASME J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. and Cont., Special Issue: &quot;Autonomous Mobile Systems&quot; in Memory of Professor J. Karl Hedrick, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 141, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 071013 (11 pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2019<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_368\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('368','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_368\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{HeX_2018_ASMEJDSMC,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Multi-rotor In-Ground-Effect Modeling and Adaptive Nonlinear Disturbance Observer for Closed-loop UAV Control},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {X. He, G. Kou, M. Calaf and K. K. Leang,},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2019},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2019-02-11},<br \/>\r\njournal = {ASME J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. and Cont., Special Issue: \"Autonomous Mobile Systems\" in Memory of Professor J. Karl Hedrick},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {141},<br \/>\r\npages = {071013 (11 pages)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('368','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">55.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Autonomous Chemical Sensing Aerial Robot for Urban\/Suburban Environmental Monitoring\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/2018_IEEE_SJ.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Autonomous Chemical Sensing Aerial Robot for Urban\/Suburban Environmental Monitoring\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">X. He, J. R. Bourne, J. A. Steiner, C. Mortensen, K. C. Hoffman, C. J. Dudley, B. Rogers, D. M. Cropek; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('365','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Autonomous Chemical Sensing Aerial Robot for Urban\/Suburban Environmental Monitoring<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Systems Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 3524 - 3535, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2019<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_365\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('365','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_365\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('365','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_365\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{HeX_2018_ISJ,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Autonomous Chemical Sensing Aerial Robot for Urban\/Suburban Environmental Monitoring},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {X. He, J. R. Bourne, J. A. Steiner, C. Mortensen, K. C. Hoffman, C. J. Dudley, B. Rogers, D. M. Cropek and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HeX_2019_ISJ.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2019},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2019-02-10},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Systems Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 3524 - 3535},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('365','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_365\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HeX_2019_ISJ.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HeX_2019_ISJ.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HeX_2019_ISJ.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('365','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">54.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Guest Editorial Focused Section on Soft Actuators, Sensors, and Components (SASC)\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/2019_Tmech.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Guest Editorial Focused Section on Soft Actuators, Sensors, and Components (SASC)\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">K. K. Leang, F. Iida, J. Paik, Y.-L. Park; J. Ueda<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Guest Editorial Focused Section on Soft Actuators, Sensors, and Components (SASC) <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE\/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, Focused Section, Vol. , <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 24, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 1, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 1-4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2019<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_375\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('375','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_375\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{LeangKK_2019_Tmech,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Guest Editorial Focused Section on Soft Actuators, Sensors, and Components (SASC)},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {K. K. Leang, F. Iida, J. Paik, Y.-L. Park and J. Ueda},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2019},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2019-02-07},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE\/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, Focused Section, Vol. },<br \/>\r\nvolume = {24},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {1},<br \/>\r\npages = {1-4},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('375','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">53.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Open-Sector Rapid Reactive Collision Avoidance: Application in Aerial Robot Navigation Through Outdoor Unstructured Environments\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/2018_RA.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Open-Sector Rapid Reactive Collision Avoidance: Application in Aerial Robot Navigation Through Outdoor Unstructured Environments\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">J. Steiner, X. He; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('367','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Open-Sector Rapid Reactive Collision Avoidance: Application in Aerial Robot Navigation Through Outdoor Unstructured Environments<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Robotics and Autonomous Systems, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 112, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 211-220, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2019<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_367\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('367','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_367\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('367','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_367\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{SteinerJ_2019_RA,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Open-Sector Rapid Reactive Collision Avoidance: Application in Aerial Robot Navigation Through Outdoor Unstructured Environments},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {J. Steiner, X. He and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/SteinerJA_2019.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2019},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2019-02-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Robotics and Autonomous Systems},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {112},<br \/>\r\npages = {211-220},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('367','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_367\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/SteinerJA_2019.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/SteinerJA_2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/SteinerJA_2019.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('367','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2018\">2018<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">52.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"A 3D-Printed 3-DOF Tripedal Microrobotic Platform for Unconstrained and Omnidirectional Sample Positioning\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/2018_IJIRA.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"A 3D-Printed 3-DOF Tripedal Microrobotic Platform for Unconstrained and Omnidirectional Sample Positioning\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">I. Adibnazari, W. S. Nagel; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">A 3D-Printed 3-DOF Tripedal Microrobotic Platform for Unconstrained and Omnidirectional Sample Positioning <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">International Journal of Intelligent Robotics and Applications, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 2, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 425-435, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2018<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_366\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('366','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_366\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{AdibnazariI_2018_IJIRA,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {A 3D-Printed 3-DOF Tripedal Microrobotic Platform for Unconstrained and Omnidirectional Sample Positioning},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {I. Adibnazari, W. S. Nagel and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2018},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2018-11-06},<br \/>\r\njournal = {International Journal of Intelligent Robotics and Applications},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {2},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {4},<br \/>\r\npages = {425-435},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('366','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">51.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Nonlinear Vision-based Observer for Visual Servo Control of an Aerial Robot in GPS-denied Environments\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/2018_ASME_JMR_Guo.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Nonlinear Vision-based Observer for Visual Servo Control of an Aerial Robot in GPS-denied Environments\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">D. Guo, H. Wang; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Nonlinear Vision-based Observer for Visual Servo Control of an Aerial Robot in GPS-denied Environments <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">ASME J. Mechanisms and Robotics, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 10, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 6, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 061018, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2018<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_373\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('373','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_373\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{GuoD_2018_ASME_JMR,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Nonlinear Vision-based Observer for Visual Servo Control of an Aerial Robot in GPS-denied Environments},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {D. Guo, H. Wang and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2018},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2018-11-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {ASME J. Mechanisms and Robotics},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {10},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {6},<br \/>\r\npages = {061018},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('373','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">50.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Modular design and control of a fully-actuated hexrotor for aerial manipulation applications\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/2017_ASME_JMR.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Modular design and control of a fully-actuated hexrotor for aerial manipulation applications\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">J. Lee, K. K. Leang, W. Yim<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Modular design and control of a fully-actuated hexrotor for aerial manipulation applications <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">ASME J. Mechanisms and Robotics, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 10, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 041007, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2018<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_361\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('361','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_361\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{LeeJ_2017_ASME_JMR,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Modular design and control of a fully-actuated hexrotor for aerial manipulation applications},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {J. Lee, K. K. Leang, W. Yim},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2018},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2018-03-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {ASME J. Mechanisms and Robotics},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {10},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {4},<br \/>\r\npages = {041007},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('361','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">49.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"A Comprehensive Review of Select Smart Polymeric and Gel Actuators for Soft Mechatronics Applications: Fundamentals, Free-form Fabrication, and Motion Control\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/2017_IJSNM.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"A Comprehensive Review of Select Smart Polymeric and Gel Actuators for Soft Mechatronics Applications: Fundamentals, Free-form Fabrication, and Motion Control\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">J. D. Carrico, T. Tyler; K. K. Leang. <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('360','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">A Comprehensive Review of Select Smart Polymeric and Gel Actuators for Soft Mechatronics Applications: Fundamentals, Free-form Fabrication, and Motion Control<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Invited article to the Special Issue on Active Materials and Soft Mechatronics, International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 8, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 144-213, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2018<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_360\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('360','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_360\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('360','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_360\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{CarricoJD_2017_IJSNM,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {A Comprehensive Review of Select Smart Polymeric and Gel Actuators for Soft Mechatronics Applications: Fundamentals, Free-form Fabrication, and Motion Control},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {J. D. Carrico, T. Tyler and K. K. Leang. },<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2018_IJSNM.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2018},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2018-02-07},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Invited article to the Special Issue on Active Materials and Soft Mechatronics, International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {8},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {4},<br \/>\r\npages = {144-213},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('360','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_360\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2018_IJSNM.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2018_IJSNM.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2018_IJSNM.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('360','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2017\">2017<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">48.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Guest Editorial: Focused Section on Advances in Soft Robotics\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/JIRA2017.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Guest Editorial: Focused Section on Advances in Soft Robotics\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">X. Tan, K. K. Leang; Z. Yin<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Guest Editorial: Focused Section on Advances in Soft Robotics <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">International Journal of Intelligent Robotics and Applications, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 1, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 2, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 121 - 123, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2017<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_354\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('354','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_354\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{TanX_2017_IJIRA,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Guest Editorial: Focused Section on Advances in Soft Robotics},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {X. Tan, K. K. Leang and Z. Yin},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2017},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2017-04-08},<br \/>\r\njournal = {International Journal of Intelligent Robotics and Applications},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {1},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {2},<br \/>\r\npages = {121 - 123},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('354','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">47.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Adaptive Vision-Based Leader- Follower Formation Control of Mobile Robots\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/TIE.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Adaptive Vision-Based Leader- Follower Formation Control of Mobile Robots\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">H. Wang, D. Guo, X. Liang, W. Chen, G. Hu; K.K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('342','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Adaptive Vision-Based Leader- Follower Formation Control of Mobile Robots<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\"> IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 64, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 2893 - 2902, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2017<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_342\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('342','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_342\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('342','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_342\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{WangH_2017,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Adaptive Vision-Based Leader- Follower Formation Control of Mobile Robots},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {H. Wang, D. Guo, X. Liang, W. Chen, G. Hu and K.K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7752961\/},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2017},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2017-03-23},<br \/>\r\njournal = { IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {64},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {4},<br \/>\r\npages = {2893 - 2902},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('342','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_342\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-globe\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7752961\/\" title=\"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7752961\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7752961\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('342','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">46.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Adaptive-Repetitive Visual-Servo Control of Low-Flying Aerial Robots via Uncalibrated High-Flying Cameras\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/jns.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Adaptive-Repetitive Visual-Servo Control of Low-Flying Aerial Robots via Uncalibrated High-Flying Cameras\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">D. Guo, J. Bourne, H. Wang, W. Yim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('338','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Adaptive-Repetitive Visual-Servo Control of Low-Flying Aerial Robots via Uncalibrated High-Flying Cameras<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\"> Journal of Nonlinear Science, Special issue on robotics: mechanics and control of locomotion, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 27, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 1235-1256, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2017<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_338\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('338','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_338\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('338','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_338\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('338','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_338\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{DejunG_2016a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Adaptive-Repetitive Visual-Servo Control of Low-Flying Aerial Robots via Uncalibrated High-Flying Cameras},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {D. Guo, J. Bourne, H. Wang, W. Yim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/DejunG_2017a_JNS.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2017},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2017-03-22},<br \/>\r\njournal = { Journal of Nonlinear Science, Special issue on robotics: mechanics and control of locomotion},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {27},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {4},<br \/>\r\npages = {1235-1256},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {This paper presents the design and implementation of an adaptive-repetitive visual-servo control system for a moving high-flying vehicle (HFV) with an uncalibrated camera to monitor, track, and precisely control the movements of a low-flying vehicle (LFV) or mobile ground robot. Applications of this control strategy include the use of high-flying unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with computer vision for monitoring, controlling, and coordinating the movements of lower altitude agents in areas, for example, where GPS signals may be unreliable or nonexistent. When deployed, a remote operator of the HFV defines the desired trajectory for the LFV in the HFV\u2019s camera frame.Due to the circular motion of the HFV, the resulting motion trajectory of the LFV in the image frame can be periodic in time, thus an adaptive-repetitive control system is exploited for regulation and\/or trajectory tracking. The adaptive control law is able to handle uncertainties in the camera\u2019s intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. The design and stability analysis of the closed-loop control system is presented, where Lyapunov stability is shown. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method for controlling the movement of a low flying quadcopter, demonstrating the capabilities of the visual-servo control system for localization (i.e.,, motion capturing) and trajectory tracking control. In fact, results show that the LFV can be commanded to hover in place as well as track a user-defined flower-shaped closed trajectory, while the HFV and camera system circulates above with constant angular velocity. On average, the proposed adaptive-repetitive visual-servo control system reduces the average RMS tracking error by over 77% in the image plane and over 71% in the world frame compared to using just the adaptive visual-servo control law.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('338','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_338\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">This paper presents the design and implementation of an adaptive-repetitive visual-servo control system for a moving high-flying vehicle (HFV) with an uncalibrated camera to monitor, track, and precisely control the movements of a low-flying vehicle (LFV) or mobile ground robot. Applications of this control strategy include the use of high-flying unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with computer vision for monitoring, controlling, and coordinating the movements of lower altitude agents in areas, for example, where GPS signals may be unreliable or nonexistent. When deployed, a remote operator of the HFV defines the desired trajectory for the LFV in the HFV\u2019s camera frame.Due to the circular motion of the HFV, the resulting motion trajectory of the LFV in the image frame can be periodic in time, thus an adaptive-repetitive control system is exploited for regulation and\/or trajectory tracking. The adaptive control law is able to handle uncertainties in the camera\u2019s intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. The design and stability analysis of the closed-loop control system is presented, where Lyapunov stability is shown. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method for controlling the movement of a low flying quadcopter, demonstrating the capabilities of the visual-servo control system for localization (i.e.,, motion capturing) and trajectory tracking control. In fact, results show that the LFV can be commanded to hover in place as well as track a user-defined flower-shaped closed trajectory, while the HFV and camera system circulates above with constant angular velocity. On average, the proposed adaptive-repetitive visual-servo control system reduces the average RMS tracking error by over 77% in the image plane and over 71% in the world frame compared to using just the adaptive visual-servo control law.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('338','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_338\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/DejunG_2017a_JNS.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/DejunG_2017a_JNS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/DejunG_2017a_JNS.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('338','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">45.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Eye-in-Hand Tracking Control of a Free-Floating Space Manipulator\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/2017_TIAS.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Eye-in-Hand Tracking Control of a Free-Floating Space Manipulator\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">H. Wang, D. Guo, H. Xu, W. Chen, T. Liu; K. K. Leang,<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Eye-in-Hand Tracking Control of a Free-Floating Space Manipulator <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 53, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 1855 - 1865, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2017<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_345\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('345','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_345\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{wangH_2017b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Eye-in-Hand Tracking Control of a Free-Floating Space Manipulator},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {H. Wang, D. Guo, H. Xu, W. Chen, T. Liu and K. K. Leang,},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2017},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2017-03-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {53},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {4},<br \/>\r\npages = {1855 - 1865},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('345','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">44.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"On-Board Model-Based Automatic Collision Avoidance: Application in Remotely Piloted Unmanned Aerial Vehicles\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/ar2016-2.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"On-Board Model-Based Automatic Collision Avoidance: Application in Remotely Piloted Unmanned Aerial Vehicles\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">D. Bareiss, J. Bourne, K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('339','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">On-Board Model-Based Automatic Collision Avoidance: Application in Remotely Piloted Unmanned Aerial Vehicles<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Autonomous robots, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 41, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 7, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 1539-1554, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2017<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_339\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('339','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_339\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('339','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_339\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('339','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_339\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{BareissD_2017a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {On-Board Model-Based Automatic Collision Avoidance: Application in Remotely Piloted Unmanned Aerial Vehicles},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {D. Bareiss, J. Bourne, K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/BareissD_2017.pdf<br \/>\r\nhttp:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/autonomous-robots-2017\/},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2017},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2017-02-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Autonomous robots},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {41},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {7},<br \/>\r\npages = {1539-1554},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {This paper focuses on real-world implementation and verification of a local, model-based stochastic automatic collision avoidance algorithm, with application in remotely-piloted (tele-operated) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Automatic collision detection and avoidance for tele-operated UAVs can reduce the workload of pilots to allow them to focus on the task at hand, such as searching for victims in a search and rescue scenario following a natural disaster. The proposed algorithm takes the pilot's input and exploits the robot's dynamics to predict the robot's trajectory for determining whether a collision will occur. Using on-board sensing for obstacle detection, if a collision is imminent, the algorithm modifies the pilot's input to avoid the collision while attempting to maintain the pilot's intent. The algorithm is implemented using a low-cost on-board computer, fight-control system, and a two-dimensional laser illuminated detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor for obstacle detection along the trajectory of the robot. The sensor data is processed using a split-and-merge segmentation algorithm and an approximate Minkowski difference. Results from flight tests demonstrate the algorithm's capabilities for tele-operated collision-free control of an experimental UAV.  For videos related to this work, please look here: http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/autonomous-robots-2017\/},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('339','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_339\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">This paper focuses on real-world implementation and verification of a local, model-based stochastic automatic collision avoidance algorithm, with application in remotely-piloted (tele-operated) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Automatic collision detection and avoidance for tele-operated UAVs can reduce the workload of pilots to allow them to focus on the task at hand, such as searching for victims in a search and rescue scenario following a natural disaster. The proposed algorithm takes the pilot's input and exploits the robot's dynamics to predict the robot's trajectory for determining whether a collision will occur. Using on-board sensing for obstacle detection, if a collision is imminent, the algorithm modifies the pilot's input to avoid the collision while attempting to maintain the pilot's intent. The algorithm is implemented using a low-cost on-board computer, fight-control system, and a two-dimensional laser illuminated detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor for obstacle detection along the trajectory of the robot. The sensor data is processed using a split-and-merge segmentation algorithm and an approximate Minkowski difference. Results from flight tests demonstrate the algorithm's capabilities for tele-operated collision-free control of an experimental UAV.  For videos related to this work, please look here: http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/autonomous-robots-2017\/<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('339','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_339\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/BareissD_2017.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/BareissD_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/BareissD_2017.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"fas fa-globe\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/autonomous-robots-2017\/\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/autonomous-robots-2017\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/autonomous-robots-2017\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('339','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2015\">2015<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">43.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Design and Analysis of Scanning Probe Microscopy Cantilevers with Microthermal Actuation\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/cantilever.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Design and Analysis of Scanning Probe Microscopy Cantilevers with Microthermal Actuation\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> B. Sahu; R. Riddle; D. Ross; M. Sheplak; K. K. Leang; C. R. Taylor<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Design and Analysis of Scanning Probe Microscopy Cantilevers with Microthermal Actuation <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 24, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 6, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 1768 - 1781, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2015<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_226\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('226','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_226\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{SahuB_2015,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Design and Analysis of Scanning Probe Microscopy Cantilevers with Microthermal Actuation},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { B. Sahu and R. Riddle and D. Ross and M. Sheplak and K. K. Leang and C. R. Taylor},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2015},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2015-12-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {24},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {6},<br \/>\r\npages = {1768 - 1781},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('226','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">42.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Fused filament 3D printing of ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs)\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/3d_print_IPMC.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Fused filament 3D printing of ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs)\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">James D. Carrico, Nick W. Traeden, Matteo Aureli; Kam K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('325','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Fused filament 3D printing of ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs)<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Smart Materials and Structures, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 24, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 125021 (11 pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2015<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_325\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('325','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_325\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('325','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_325\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{CarricoJD_2015b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Fused filament 3D printing of ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs)},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {James D. Carrico, Nick W. Traeden, Matteo Aureli and Kam K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2015b.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {doi:10.1088\/0964-1726\/24\/12\/125021},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2015},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2015-11-08},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Smart Materials and Structures},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {24},<br \/>\r\npages = {125021 (11 pages)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('325','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_325\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2015b.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2015b.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2015b.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/doi:10.1088\/0964-1726\/24\/12\/125021\" title=\"Follow DOI:doi:10.1088\/0964-1726\/24\/12\/125021\" target=\"_blank\">doi:doi:10.1088\/0964-1726\/24\/12\/125021<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('325','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">41.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Low-order damping and tracking control for scanning probe systems\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/damping.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Low-order damping and tracking control for scanning probe systems\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">A. J. Fleming, Y. R. Teo; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('328','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Low-order damping and tracking control for scanning probe systems<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Mechatronics, Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 1, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. Article 14, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2015<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_328\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('328','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_328\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('328','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_328\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{FlemingAJ_2015a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Low-order damping and tracking control for scanning probe systems},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {A. J. Fleming, Y. R. Teo and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FlemingAJ_2015a.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {10.3389\/fmech.2015.00014},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2015},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2015-10-24},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Mechatronics, Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {1},<br \/>\r\npages = {Article 14},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('328','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_328\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FlemingAJ_2015a.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FlemingAJ_2015a.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FlemingAJ_2015a.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389\/fmech.2015.00014\" title=\"Follow DOI:10.3389\/fmech.2015.00014\" target=\"_blank\">doi:10.3389\/fmech.2015.00014<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('328','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">40.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Low-order Continuous-time Robust Repetitive Control: Application in Nanopositioning\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/RobustRC.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Low-order Continuous-time Robust Repetitive Control: Application in Nanopositioning\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> A. A. Eielsen; J. T. Gravdahla; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Low-order Continuous-time Robust Repetitive Control: Application in Nanopositioning <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Mechatronics, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 30, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 231\u2013243, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2015<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_205\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('205','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_205\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{EielsenAA_2015,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Low-order Continuous-time Robust Repetitive Control: Application in Nanopositioning},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { A. A. Eielsen and J. T. Gravdahla and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2015},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2015-09-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Mechatronics},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {30},<br \/>\r\npages = {231\u2013243},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('205','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">39.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Slender tube-shaped and square rod-shaped IPMC actuators with integrated sensing for soft mechatronics\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/tube_ipmc.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Slender tube-shaped and square rod-shaped IPMC actuators with integrated sensing for soft mechatronics\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">M. A. Tsugawa, V. Palmre, J. D. Carrico, K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Slender tube-shaped and square rod-shaped IPMC actuators with integrated sensing for soft mechatronics <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Meccanica, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 50, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 11, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 2781-2795, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2015<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_312\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('312','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_312\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{TsugawaMA_2015,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Slender tube-shaped and square rod-shaped IPMC actuators with integrated sensing for soft mechatronics},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {M. A. Tsugawa, V. Palmre, J. D. Carrico, K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2015},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2015-06-16},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Meccanica},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {50},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {11},<br \/>\r\npages = {2781-2795},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('312','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2014\">2014<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">38.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Nanothorn electrodes for ionic polymer-metal composite artificial muscles\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/nanothorn.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Nanothorn electrodes for ionic polymer-metal composite artificial muscles\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> V. Palmre; D. Pugal; K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang; K. Asaka; A. Aabloo<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('288','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Nanothorn electrodes for ionic polymer-metal composite artificial muscles<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Scientific Reports, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 6176, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2014<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_288\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('288','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_288\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('288','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_288\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{PalmreV_2014,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Nanothorn electrodes for ionic polymer-metal composite artificial muscles},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { V. Palmre and D. Pugal and K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang and K. Asaka and A. Aabloo},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PalmreV_2014.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2014},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2014-09-17},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Scientific Reports},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {4},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {6176},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('288','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_288\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PalmreV_2014.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PalmreV_2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PalmreV_2014.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('288','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">37.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Monolithic IPMC fins for propulsion and maneuvering in bio-inspired underwater robotics\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/fish.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Monolithic IPMC fins for propulsion and maneuvering in bio-inspired underwater robotics\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> J. J. Hubbard; M. Fleming; V. Palmre; D. Pugal; K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('241','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Monolithic IPMC fins for propulsion and maneuvering in bio-inspired underwater robotics<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 39, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 3, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 540 - 551, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2014<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_241\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('241','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_241\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('241','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_241\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{HubbardJJ_2013,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Monolithic IPMC fins for propulsion and maneuvering in bio-inspired underwater robotics},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { J. J. Hubbard and M. Fleming and V. Palmre and D. Pugal and K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HubbardJJ_2014.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2014},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2014-07-10},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {39},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {3},<br \/>\r\npages = {540 - 551},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('241','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_241\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HubbardJJ_2014.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HubbardJJ_2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HubbardJJ_2014.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('241','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">36.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Range-based control of dual-stage nanopositioning systems\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/rsi.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Range-based control of dual-stage nanopositioning systems\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> G. C. Clayton; C. J. Dudley; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('233','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Range-based control of dual-stage nanopositioning systems<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Review of Scientific Instruments, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 85, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 045003 (6 pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2014<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_233\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('233','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_233\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('233','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_233\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{ClaytonGC_2014a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Range-based control of dual-stage nanopositioning systems},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { G. C. Clayton and C. J. Dudley and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ClaytonGM_2014a.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2014},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2014-04-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Review of Scientific Instruments},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {85},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {4},<br \/>\r\npages = {045003 (6 pages)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('233','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_233\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ClaytonGM_2014a.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ClaytonGM_2014a.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ClaytonGM_2014a.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('233','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2013\">2013<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">35.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Mechanical design and control for high-speed nanopositioning: serial-kinematic nanopositioners and repetitive control for nanofabrication\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/CSM2.png\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Mechanical design and control for high-speed nanopositioning: serial-kinematic nanopositioners and repetitive control for nanofabrication\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> Y. Shan; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('300','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Mechanical design and control for high-speed nanopositioning: serial-kinematic nanopositioners and repetitive control for nanofabrication<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Control Systems Magazine (In press), Special Issue on Dynamics and Control of Micro and Naoscale Systems, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 33, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 6, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 86 \u2013 105, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2013<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_300\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('300','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_300\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('300','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_300\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{ShanY_2013a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Mechanical design and control for high-speed nanopositioning: serial-kinematic nanopositioners and repetitive control for nanofabrication},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { Y. Shan and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ShanY_2013a.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2013},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2013-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Control Systems Magazine (In press), Special Issue on Dynamics and Control of Micro and Naoscale Systems},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {33},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {6},<br \/>\r\npages = {86 -- 105},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('300','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_300\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ShanY_2013a.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ShanY_2013a.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ShanY_2013a.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('300','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">34.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"An IPMC-enabled bio-inspired bending\/twisting fin for underwater applications\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/fish.png\" width=\"100\" alt=\"An IPMC-enabled bio-inspired bending\/twisting fin for underwater applications\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> V. Palmre; M. Fleming; J. J. Hubbard; D. Pugal; S. Kim; K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('290','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">An IPMC-enabled bio-inspired bending\/twisting fin for underwater applications<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Smart Mater. Struct., <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 22, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 014003, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2013<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_290\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('290','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_290\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('290','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_290\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('290','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_290\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{PalmreV_2013,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {An IPMC-enabled bio-inspired bending\/twisting fin for underwater applications},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { V. Palmre and M. Fleming and J. J. Hubbard and D. Pugal and S. Kim and K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PalmreV_2013.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2013},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2013-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Smart Mater. Struct.},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {22},<br \/>\r\npages = {014003},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {This paper discusses the design, fabrication, and characterization of an ionic polymer\u2013metal composite (IPMC) actuator-based bio-inspired active fin capable of bending and twisting motion. It is pointed out that IPMC strip actuators are used in the simple cantilever configuration to create simple bending (flapping-like) motion for propulsion in underwater autonomous systems. However, the resulting motion is a simple 1D bending and performance is rather limited. To enable more complex deformation, such as the flapping (pitch and heaving) motion of real pectoral and caudal fish fins, a new approach which involves molding or integrating IPMC actuators into a soft boot material to create an active control surface (called a \u2018fin\u2019) is presented. The fin can be used to realize complex deformation depending on the orientation and placement of the actuators. In contrast to previously created IPMCs with patterned electrodes for the same purpose, the proposed design avoids (1) the<br \/>\r\nmore expensive process of electroless plating platinum all throughout the surface of the actuator and (2) the need for specially patterning the electrodes. Therefore, standard shaped IPMC actuators such as those with rectangular dimensions with varying thicknesses can be used. One unique advantage of the proposed structural design is that custom shaped fins and control surfaces can be easily created without special materials processing. The molding process is cost effective and does not require functionalizing or \u2018activating\u2019 the boot material similar to creating IPMCs. For a prototype fin (90-mm wide x 60-mm long x 1.5-mm thick), the measured maximum tip displacement was approximately 44 mm and the twist angle of the fin exceeded 10\u000e. Lift and drag measurements in water where the prototype fin with an airfoil profile was dragged through water at a velocity of 21 cm\/s showed that the lift and drag forces can be affected by controlling the IPMCs embedded into the fin structure.  These results suggest that such IPMC-enabled fin designs can be used for developing active propeller blades or control surfaces on underwater vehicles.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('290','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_290\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">This paper discusses the design, fabrication, and characterization of an ionic polymer\u2013metal composite (IPMC) actuator-based bio-inspired active fin capable of bending and twisting motion. It is pointed out that IPMC strip actuators are used in the simple cantilever configuration to create simple bending (flapping-like) motion for propulsion in underwater autonomous systems. However, the resulting motion is a simple 1D bending and performance is rather limited. To enable more complex deformation, such as the flapping (pitch and heaving) motion of real pectoral and caudal fish fins, a new approach which involves molding or integrating IPMC actuators into a soft boot material to create an active control surface (called a \u2018fin\u2019) is presented. The fin can be used to realize complex deformation depending on the orientation and placement of the actuators. In contrast to previously created IPMCs with patterned electrodes for the same purpose, the proposed design avoids (1) the<br \/>\r\nmore expensive process of electroless plating platinum all throughout the surface of the actuator and (2) the need for specially patterning the electrodes. Therefore, standard shaped IPMC actuators such as those with rectangular dimensions with varying thicknesses can be used. One unique advantage of the proposed structural design is that custom shaped fins and control surfaces can be easily created without special materials processing. The molding process is cost effective and does not require functionalizing or \u2018activating\u2019 the boot material similar to creating IPMCs. For a prototype fin (90-mm wide x 60-mm long x 1.5-mm thick), the measured maximum tip displacement was approximately 44 mm and the twist angle of the fin exceeded 10\u000e. Lift and drag measurements in water where the prototype fin with an airfoil profile was dragged through water at a velocity of 21 cm\/s showed that the lift and drag forces can be affected by controlling the IPMCs embedded into the fin structure.  These results suggest that such IPMC-enabled fin designs can be used for developing active propeller blades or control surfaces on underwater vehicles.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('290','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_290\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PalmreV_2013.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PalmreV_2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PalmreV_2013.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('290','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">33.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Matlab tricks and tips\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/matlab.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Matlab tricks and tips\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Matlab tricks and tips <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Cont. Syst. Mag., <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 33, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 39 \u2013 40, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2013<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_253\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('253','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_253\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{LeangKK_2013b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Matlab tricks and tips},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2013},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2013-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Cont. Syst. Mag.},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {33},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {4},<br \/>\r\npages = {39 -- 40},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('253','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2012\">2012<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">32.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Short online videos to excite and engage students about control\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/csmj2012b.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Short online videos to excite and engage students about control\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Short online videos to excite and engage students about control <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Cont. Syst. Mag., <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 32, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 2, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 70 \u2013 71, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2012<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_252\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('252','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_252\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{LeangKK_2012b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Short online videos to excite and engage students about control},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2012},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2012-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Cont. Syst. Mag.},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {32},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {2},<br \/>\r\npages = {70 -- 71},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('252','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">31.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Dual-stage repetitive control with Prandtl-Ishlinskii hysteresis inversion for piezo-based nanopositioning\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/dualstage.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Dual-stage repetitive control with Prandtl-Ishlinskii hysteresis inversion for piezo-based nanopositioning\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> Y. Shan; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('299','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Dual-stage repetitive control with Prandtl-Ishlinskii hysteresis inversion for piezo-based nanopositioning<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Mechatronics, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 22, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 271 \u2013 281, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2012<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_299\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('299','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_299\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('299','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_299\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{ShanY_2012a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Dual-stage repetitive control with Prandtl-Ishlinskii hysteresis inversion for piezo-based nanopositioning},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { Y. Shan and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ShanY_2012a.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2012},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2012-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Mechatronics},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {22},<br \/>\r\npages = {271 -- 281},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('299','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_299\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ShanY_2012a.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ShanY_2012a.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ShanY_2012a.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('299','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">30.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Invited Review: High-speed flexure-guided nanopositioning: mechanical design and control Issues\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/rsi.png\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Invited Review: High-speed flexure-guided nanopositioning: mechanical design and control Issues\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> Y. Yong; S. O. R. Moheimani; B. J. Kenton; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('302','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Invited Review: High-speed flexure-guided nanopositioning: mechanical design and control Issues<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Review of Scientific Instruments, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 83, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 12, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 121101, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2012<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_302\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('302','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_302\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('302','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_302\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{YongY_2012,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Invited Review: High-speed flexure-guided nanopositioning: mechanical design and control Issues},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { Y. Yong and S. O. R. Moheimani and B. J. Kenton and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/YongYK_2012.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2012},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2012-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Review of Scientific Instruments},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {83},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {12},<br \/>\r\npages = {121101},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('302','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_302\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/YongYK_2012.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/YongYK_2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/YongYK_2012.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('302','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">29.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Accounting for hysteresis in repetitive control design: nanopositioning example\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/automatica.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Accounting for hysteresis in repetitive control design: nanopositioning example\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> Y. Shan; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('298','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Accounting for hysteresis in repetitive control design: nanopositioning example<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Automatica, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 48, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 8, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 1751 \u2013 1758, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2012<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_298\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('298','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_298\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('298','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_298\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{ShanY_2012b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Accounting for hysteresis in repetitive control design: nanopositioning example},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { Y. Shan and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ShanY_2012b.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2012},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2012-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Automatica},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {48},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {8},<br \/>\r\npages = {1751 -- 1758},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('298','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_298\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ShanY_2012b.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ShanY_2012b.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ShanY_2012b.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('298','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">28.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Mitigating IPMC back relaxation through feedforward and feedback control of patterned electrodes\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/sms2012a.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Mitigating IPMC back relaxation through feedforward and feedback control of patterned electrodes\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> M. J. Fleming; K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Mitigating IPMC back relaxation through feedforward and feedback control of patterned electrodes <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Smart Mater. Struct., <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 21, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 085002 (12 pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2012<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_273\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('273','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_273\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{FlemingMJ_2012c,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Mitigating IPMC back relaxation through feedforward and feedback control of patterned electrodes},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { M. J. Fleming and K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2012},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2012-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Smart Mater. Struct.},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {21},<br \/>\r\npages = {085002 (12 pages)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('273','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">27.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Integrated sensing for IPMC actuators using strain gages for underwater applications\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/tmech2012.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Integrated sensing for IPMC actuators using strain gages for underwater applications\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> K. K. Leang; Y. Shan; S. Song; K. J. Kim<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Integrated sensing for IPMC actuators using strain gages for underwater applications <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatronics, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 17, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 2, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 345 \u2013 355, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2012<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_270\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('270','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_270\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{LeangKK_2012c,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Integrated sensing for IPMC actuators using strain gages for underwater applications},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { K. K. Leang and Y. Shan and S. Song and K. J. Kim},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2012},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2012-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatronics},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {17},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {2},<br \/>\r\npages = {345 -- 355},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('270','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">26.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Design and control of a three-axis serial-kinematic high-bandwidth nanopositioner\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/tmech2012.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Design and control of a three-axis serial-kinematic high-bandwidth nanopositioner\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> B. J. Kenton; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('221','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Design and control of a three-axis serial-kinematic high-bandwidth nanopositioner<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatronics, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 17, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 2, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 356 \u2013 369, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2012<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_221\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('221','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_221\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('221','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_221\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{KentonBJ_2012,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Design and control of a three-axis serial-kinematic high-bandwidth nanopositioner},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { B. J. Kenton and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/KentonBJ_2012a.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2012},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2012-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatronics},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {17},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {2},<br \/>\r\npages = {356 -- 369},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('221','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_221\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/KentonBJ_2012a.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/KentonBJ_2012a.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/KentonBJ_2012a.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('221','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">25.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Teaching the difference between stiffness and damping\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/fu.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Teaching the difference between stiffness and damping\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> H. Fu; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Teaching the difference between stiffness and damping <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Cont. Syst. Mag., <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 32, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 95 \u2013 97, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2012<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_237\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('237','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_237\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{FuH_2012a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Teaching the difference between stiffness and damping},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { H. Fu and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2012},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2012-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Cont. Syst. Mag.},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {32},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {4},<br \/>\r\npages = {95 -- 97},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('237','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">24.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"An experiment for teaching students about control at the nanoscale\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/csmj2012a.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"An experiment for teaching students about control at the nanoscale\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">An experiment for teaching students about control at the nanoscale <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Cont. Syst. Mag., <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 32, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 1, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 66\u201368, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2012<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_251\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('251','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_251\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{LeangKK_2012a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {An experiment for teaching students about control at the nanoscale},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2012},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2012-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Cont. Syst. Mag.},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {32},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {1},<br \/>\r\npages = {66--68},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('251','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">23.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Introduction to the themed articles on ionic polymer-metal composites\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/snm-1.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Introduction to the themed articles on ionic polymer-metal composites\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Introduction to the themed articles on ionic polymer-metal composites <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 3, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 3, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 183 \u2013 187, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2012<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_248\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('248','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_248\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{KimKJ_2012a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Introduction to the themed articles on ionic polymer-metal composites},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2012},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2012-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {3},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {3},<br \/>\r\npages = {183 -- 187},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('248','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">22.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Introduction to part 2 of the themed articles on ionic polymer-metal composites\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/snm.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Introduction to part 2 of the themed articles on ionic polymer-metal composites\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Introduction to part 2 of the themed articles on ionic polymer-metal composites <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 3, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 243, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2012<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_247\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('247','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_247\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{KimKJ_2012h,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Introduction to part 2 of the themed articles on ionic polymer-metal composites},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2012},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2012-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {3},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {4},<br \/>\r\npages = {243},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('247','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2011\">2011<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">21.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Cyclic Energy harvesting from pyroelectric materials\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/cyclic.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Cyclic Energy harvesting from pyroelectric materials\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> P. Mane; J. Xie; K. Mossi; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Cyclic Energy harvesting from pyroelectric materials <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 58, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 1, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 10\u201317, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2011<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_278\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('278','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_278\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{ManeP_2011,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Cyclic Energy harvesting from pyroelectric materials},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { P. Mane and J. Xie and K. Mossi and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2011},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2011-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {58},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {1},<br \/>\r\npages = {10--17},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('278','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">20.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"A compact ultra-fast vertical nanopositioner for improving SPM scan speed\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/rsi2011.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"A compact ultra-fast vertical nanopositioner for improving SPM scan speed\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> B. J. Kenton; A. J. Fleming; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">A compact ultra-fast vertical nanopositioner for improving SPM scan speed <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Rev. Sci. Instr., <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 82, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 123703, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2011<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_219\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('219','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_219\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{KentonBJ_2011b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {A compact ultra-fast vertical nanopositioner for improving SPM scan speed},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { B. J. Kenton and A. J. Fleming and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2011},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2011-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Rev. Sci. Instr.},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {82},<br \/>\r\npages = {123703},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('219','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">19.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"A twistable ionic polymer-metal composite artificial muscle for marine applications\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/mst.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"A twistable ionic polymer-metal composite artificial muscle for marine applications\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> K. J. Kim; D. Pugal; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">A twistable ionic polymer-metal composite artificial muscle for marine applications <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Marine Technology Society Journal, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 45, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 83 \u2013 98, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2011<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_246\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('246','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_246\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{KimKJ_2011b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {A twistable ionic polymer-metal composite artificial muscle for marine applications},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { K. J. Kim and D. Pugal and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2011},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2011-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {45},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {4},<br \/>\r\npages = {83 -- 98},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('246','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2010\">2010<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">18.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Teaching modules on modeling and control of piezoactuators for undergraduate dynamics and control and mechatronics courses\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/edu.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Teaching modules on modeling and control of piezoactuators for undergraduate dynamics and control and mechatronics courses\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> K. K. Leang; Q. Zou; G. Pannozzo<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Teaching modules on modeling and control of piezoactuators for undergraduate dynamics and control and mechatronics courses <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Trans. Education, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 53, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 3, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 372 \u2013 383, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2010<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_261\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('261','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_261\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{LeangKK_2010,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Teaching modules on modeling and control of piezoactuators for undergraduate dynamics and control and mechatronics courses},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { K. K. Leang and Q. Zou and G. Pannozzo},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2010},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2010-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Trans. Education},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {53},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {3},<br \/>\r\npages = {372 -- 383},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('261','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">17.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Emerging challenges of microactuators for nanoscale positioning, assembly, and manipulation\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/emerging.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Emerging challenges of microactuators for nanoscale positioning, assembly, and manipulation\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> B. Sahu; C. R. Taylor; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Emerging challenges of microactuators for nanoscale positioning, assembly, and manipulation <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">ASME Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Special Issue on Nanomanufacturing, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 132, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 3, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 030917 (16 pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2010<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_223\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('223','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_223\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{SahuB_2010,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Emerging challenges of microactuators for nanoscale positioning, assembly, and manipulation},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { B. Sahu and C. R. Taylor and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2010},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2010-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {ASME Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Special Issue on Nanomanufacturing},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {132},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {3},<br \/>\r\npages = {030917 (16 pages)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('223','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">16.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Performance of thin piezoelectric materials for pyroelectric energy harvesting\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/jimss.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Performance of thin piezoelectric materials for pyroelectric energy harvesting\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> J. Xie; X. P. Mane; C. W. Green; K. M. Mossi; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Performance of thin piezoelectric materials for pyroelectric energy harvesting <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Special issue of a selection of papers from the first ASME Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems (SMASIS 2008) Symposium , <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 21, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 243 \u2013 249, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2010<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_244\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('244','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_244\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{XieJ_2010,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Performance of thin piezoelectric materials for pyroelectric energy harvesting},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { J. Xie and X. P. Mane and C. W. Green and K. M. Mossi and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2010},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2010-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Special issue of a selection of papers from the first ASME Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems (SMASIS 2008) Symposium },<br \/>\r\nvolume = {21},<br \/>\r\npages = {243 -- 249},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('244','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">15.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Integrated strain and force feedback for high performance control of piezoelectric actuators\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/sensors.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Integrated strain and force feedback for high performance control of piezoelectric actuators\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> A. J. Fleming; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Integrated strain and force feedback for high performance control of piezoelectric actuators <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Sensors and Actuators: A. Physical, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 161, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 1-2, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 256 \u2013 265, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2010<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_211\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('211','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_211\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{FlemingAJ_2010b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Integrated strain and force feedback for high performance control of piezoelectric actuators},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { A. J. Fleming and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2010},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2010-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Sensors and Actuators: A. Physical},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {161},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {1-2},<br \/>\r\npages = {256 -- 265},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('211','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">14.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Bridging the gap between conventional and video-speed scanning probe microscopes\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/ultra.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Bridging the gap between conventional and video-speed scanning probe microscopes\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> A. J. Fleming; B. J. Kenton; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Bridging the gap between conventional and video-speed scanning probe microscopes <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Ultramicroscopy, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 110, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 9, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 1205 \u2013 1214, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2010<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_206\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('206','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_206\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{FlemingAJ_2010e,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Bridging the gap between conventional and video-speed scanning probe microscopes},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { A. J. Fleming and B. J. Kenton and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2010},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2010-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Ultramicroscopy},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {110},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {9},<br \/>\r\npages = {1205 -- 1214},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('206','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2009\">2009<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">13.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"High-speed serial-kinematic AFM scanner: design and drive considerations\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/asian.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"High-speed serial-kinematic AFM scanner: design and drive considerations\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> K. K. Leang; A. J. Fleming<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">High-speed serial-kinematic AFM scanner: design and drive considerations <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Asian Journal of Control, Special issue on Advanced Control Methods for Scanning Probe Microscopy Research and Techniques, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 11, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 2, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 144 \u2013 153, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2009<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_256\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('256','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_256\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{LeangKK_2009d,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {High-speed serial-kinematic AFM scanner: design and drive considerations},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { K. K. Leang and A. J. Fleming},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2009},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2009-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Asian Journal of Control, Special issue on Advanced Control Methods for Scanning Probe Microscopy Research and Techniques},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {11},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {2},<br \/>\r\npages = {144 -- 153},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('256','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">12.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Frequency-weighted feedforward control for dynamic compensation in ionic polymer-metal composite actuators\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/sms2009.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Frequency-weighted feedforward control for dynamic compensation in ionic polymer-metal composite actuators\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> Y. Shan; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Frequency-weighted feedforward control for dynamic compensation in ionic polymer-metal composite actuators <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Smart Materials and Structures, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 18, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 12, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 125016 (11 pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2009<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_294\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('294','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_294\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{ShanY_2009b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Frequency-weighted feedforward control for dynamic compensation in ionic polymer-metal composite actuators},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { Y. Shan and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2009},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2009-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Smart Materials and Structures},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {18},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {12},<br \/>\r\npages = {125016 (11 pages)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('294','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">11.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Design and analysis of discrete-time repetitive control for scanning probe microscopes\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/jdsmc.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Design and analysis of discrete-time repetitive control for scanning probe microscopes\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> U. Aridogan; Y. Shan; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('286','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Design and analysis of discrete-time repetitive control for scanning probe microscopes<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">ASME J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. and Cont., <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 131, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 061103 (12 pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2009<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_286\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('286','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_286\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('286','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_286\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{AridoganU_2009,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Design and analysis of discrete-time repetitive control for scanning probe microscopes},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { U. Aridogan and Y. Shan and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/AridoganU_2009.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2009},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2009-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {ASME J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. and Cont.},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {131},<br \/>\r\npages = {061103 (12 pages)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('286','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_286\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/AridoganU_2009.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/AridoganU_2009.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/AridoganU_2009.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('286','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">10.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Iterative and feedback control for hysteresis compensation in SMA\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/jdsmc3.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Iterative and feedback control for hysteresis compensation in SMA\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> K. K. Leang; S. C. Ashley; G. Tchoupo<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Iterative and feedback control for hysteresis compensation in SMA <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">ASME J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. and Cont., <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 131, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 014502 (6 pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2009<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_264\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('264','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_264\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{LeangKK_2009a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Iterative and feedback control for hysteresis compensation in SMA},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { K. K. Leang and S. C. Ashley and G. Tchoupo},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2009},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2009-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {ASME J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. and Cont.},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {131},<br \/>\r\npages = {014502 (6 pages)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('264','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">9.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Feedforward control of piezoactuators in atomic force microscope systems: inversion-based compensation for dynamics and hysteresis\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/csm2009.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Feedforward control of piezoactuators in atomic force microscope systems: inversion-based compensation for dynamics and hysteresis\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> K. K. Leang; Q. Zou; S. Devasia<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Feedforward control of piezoactuators in atomic force microscope systems: inversion-based compensation for dynamics and hysteresis <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Cont. Syst. Mag., Special Issue on Hysteresis, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 29, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 1, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 70 \u2013 82, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2009<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_263\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('263','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_263\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{LeangKK_2009b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Feedforward control of piezoactuators in atomic force microscope systems: inversion-based compensation for dynamics and hysteresis},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { K. K. Leang and Q. Zou and S. Devasia},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2009},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2009-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Cont. Syst. Mag., Special Issue on Hysteresis},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {29},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {1},<br \/>\r\npages = {70 -- 82},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('263','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">8.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"A review of feedforward control approaches in nanopositioning for high speed SPM\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/jdsmc2.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"A review of feedforward control approaches in nanopositioning for high speed SPM\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> G. M. Clayton; S. Tien; K. K. Leang; Q. Zou; S. Devasia<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">A review of feedforward control approaches in nanopositioning for high speed SPM <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">ASME J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. and Cont., <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 131, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 6, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 061101 (19 pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2009<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_235\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('235','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_235\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{ClaytonGM_2009,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {A review of feedforward control approaches in nanopositioning for high speed SPM},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { G. M. Clayton and S. Tien and K. K. Leang and Q. Zou and S. Devasia},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2009},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2009-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {ASME J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. and Cont.},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {131},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {6},<br \/>\r\npages = {061101 (19 pages)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('235','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2008\">2008<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">7.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Charge drives for scanning probe microscope positioning stages\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/charge.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Charge drives for scanning probe microscope positioning stages\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> A. J. Fleming; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Charge drives for scanning probe microscope positioning stages <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Ultramicroscopy, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 108, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 1551\u20131557, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2008<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_208\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('208','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_208\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{FlemingAJ_2008b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Charge drives for scanning probe microscope positioning stages},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { A. J. Fleming and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2008},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2008-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Ultramicroscopy},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {108},<br \/>\r\npages = {1551--1557},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('208','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">6.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Optimal seek-trajectory design for dual-stage systems\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/korn.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Optimal seek-trajectory design for dual-stage systems\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> D. Iamratanakul; B. Jordan; K. K. Leang; S. Devasia<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Optimal seek-trajectory design for dual-stage systems <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Trans. Cont. Sys. Tech., <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 16, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 5, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 869 \u2013 881, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2008<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_229\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('229','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_229\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{IamratanakulD_2008,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Optimal seek-trajectory design for dual-stage systems},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { D. Iamratanakul and B. Jordan and K. K. Leang and S. Devasia},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2008},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2008-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Trans. Cont. Sys. Tech.},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {16},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {5},<br \/>\r\npages = {869 -- 881},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('229','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">5.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Low-cost noncontact infrared sensors for sub-micro-level position measurement and control\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/tmech2008.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Low-cost noncontact infrared sensors for sub-micro-level position measurement and control\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> Y. Shan; J. E. Speich; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Low-cost noncontact infrared sensors for sub-micro-level position measurement and control <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE\/ASME Trans. on Mechatronics, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 13, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 6, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 700 \u2013 709, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2008<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_292\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('292','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_292\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{ShanY_2008b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Low-cost noncontact infrared sensors for sub-micro-level position measurement and control},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { Y. Shan and J. E. Speich and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2008},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2008-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE\/ASME Trans. on Mechatronics},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {13},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {6},<br \/>\r\npages = {700 -- 709},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('292','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2007\">2007<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">4.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Feedback-linearized inverse feedforward for creep, hysteresis, and vibration compensation in AFM piezoactuators\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/ctst2007.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Feedback-linearized inverse feedforward for creep, hysteresis, and vibration compensation in AFM piezoactuators\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">K. K. Leang; S. Devasia<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('269','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Feedback-linearized inverse feedforward for creep, hysteresis, and vibration compensation in AFM piezoactuators<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Trans. Cont. Syst. Tech., <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 15, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 5, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 927 \u2013 935, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2007<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_269\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('269','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_269\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('269','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_269\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('269','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_269\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{LeangKK_2007,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Feedback-linearized inverse feedforward for creep, hysteresis, and vibration compensation in AFM piezoactuators},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {K. K. Leang and S. Devasia},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/LeangKK_2007.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2007},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2007-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Trans. Cont. Syst. Tech.},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {15},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {5},<br \/>\r\npages = {927 -- 935},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {In this brief, we study the design of a feedback and feedforward controller to compensate for creep, hysteresis, and vibration effects in an experimental piezoactuator system. First, we linearize the nonlinear dynamics of the piezoactuator by accounting for the hysteresis (as well as creep) using high-gain feedback control. Next, we model the linear vibrational dynamics and then invert the model to find a feedforward input to account vibration -- this process is significantly easier than considering the complete nonlinear dynamics (which combines hysteresis and vibration effects). Afterwards, the feedforward input is augmented to the feedback-linearized system to achieve high-precision high-speed positioning. We apply the method to a piezoscanner used in an experimental atomic force microscope to demonstrate the method\u2019s effectiveness and we show significant reduction of both the maximum and root-mean-square tracking error. For example, high-gain feedback control compensates for hysteresis and creep effects, and in our case, it reduces the maximum error (compared to the uncompensated case) by over 90%. Then, at relatively high scan rates, the performance of the feedback controlled system can be improved by over 75% (i.e., reduction of maximum error) when the inversion-based feedforward input is integrated with the high-gain feedback controlled system.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('269','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_269\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">In this brief, we study the design of a feedback and feedforward controller to compensate for creep, hysteresis, and vibration effects in an experimental piezoactuator system. First, we linearize the nonlinear dynamics of the piezoactuator by accounting for the hysteresis (as well as creep) using high-gain feedback control. Next, we model the linear vibrational dynamics and then invert the model to find a feedforward input to account vibration -- this process is significantly easier than considering the complete nonlinear dynamics (which combines hysteresis and vibration effects). Afterwards, the feedforward input is augmented to the feedback-linearized system to achieve high-precision high-speed positioning. We apply the method to a piezoscanner used in an experimental atomic force microscope to demonstrate the method\u2019s effectiveness and we show significant reduction of both the maximum and root-mean-square tracking error. For example, high-gain feedback control compensates for hysteresis and creep effects, and in our case, it reduces the maximum error (compared to the uncompensated case) by over 90%. Then, at relatively high scan rates, the performance of the feedback controlled system can be improved by over 75% (i.e., reduction of maximum error) when the inversion-based feedforward input is integrated with the high-gain feedback controlled system.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('269','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_269\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/LeangKK_2007.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/LeangKK_2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/LeangKK_2007.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('269','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2006\">2006<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">3.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Design of hysteresis-compensating iterative learning control for piezo positioners: application to atomic force microscopes\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/mechatronics2006.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Design of hysteresis-compensating iterative learning control for piezo positioners: application to atomic force microscopes\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> K. K. Leang; S. Devasia<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Design of hysteresis-compensating iterative learning control for piezo positioners: application to atomic force microscopes <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Mechatronics, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 16, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 3--4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 141 \u2013 158, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2006<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_268\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('268','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_268\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{LeangKK_2006,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Design of hysteresis-compensating iterative learning control for piezo positioners: application to atomic force microscopes},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { K. K. Leang and S. Devasia},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2006},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2006-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Mechatronics},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {16},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {3--4},<br \/>\r\npages = {141 -- 158},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('268','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2004\">2004<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">2.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Control issues in high-speed AFM for biological applications: collagen imaging example\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/ajc2004.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Control issues in high-speed AFM for biological applications: collagen imaging example\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> Q. Zou; K. K. Leang; E. Sadoun; M. J. Reed; S. Devasia<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Control issues in high-speed AFM for biological applications: collagen imaging example <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Asian Journal of Control, Special issue on Advances in Nanotechnology Control, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 6, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 2, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 164-178, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2004<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_279\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('279','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_279\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{ZouQ_2004,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Control issues in high-speed AFM for biological applications: collagen imaging example},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { Q. Zou and K. K. Leang and E. Sadoun and M. J. Reed and S. Devasia},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2004},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2004-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Asian Journal of Control, Special issue on Advances in Nanotechnology Control},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {6},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {2},<br \/>\r\npages = {164-178},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('279','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_1998\">1998<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">1.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Experimental and theoretical results in output-trajectory redesign for flexible structures\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/dewey.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Experimental and theoretical results in output-trajectory redesign for flexible structures\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> J. S. Dewey; K. K. Leang; S. Devasia<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('242','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Experimental and theoretical results in output-trajectory redesign for flexible structures<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">ASME J. Dyn. Syst., Meas., and Control, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 120, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 456-461, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">1998<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_242\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('242','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_242\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('242','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_242\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{DeweyJS_1998,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Experimental and theoretical results in output-trajectory redesign for flexible structures},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { J. S. Dewey and K. K. Leang and S. Devasia},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/DeweyJS_1998.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {1998},<br \/>\r\ndate = {1998-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {ASME J. Dyn. Syst., Meas., and Control},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {120},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {4},<br \/>\r\npages = {456-461},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('242','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_242\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/DeweyJS_1998.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/DeweyJS_1998.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/DeweyJS_1998.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('242','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1273,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-PageTemplate2.php","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1315","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1315","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1315"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1315\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2285,"href":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1315\/revisions\/2285"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1273"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1315"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}