{"id":1757,"date":"2015-03-21T06:22:59","date_gmt":"2015-03-21T06:22:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/?page_id=1757"},"modified":"2024-09-12T19:20:36","modified_gmt":"2024-09-12T19:20:36","slug":"ipmc_pubs","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/publications\/ipmc_pubs\/","title":{"rendered":"Ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) actuators and sensors related work"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"teachpress_pub_list\"><form name=\"tppublistform\" method=\"get\"><a name=\"tppubs\" id=\"tppubs\"><\/a><\/form><div class=\"teachpress_publication_list\"><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2026\">2026<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">49.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Engineered ionic polymer metal composites as extension sensors: Theory and experiments\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/2025_ALDSC.png\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Engineered ionic polymer metal composites as extension sensors: Theory and experiments\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">O. Fakharian, W. S. Nagel, K. K. Leang, M. Aureli<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('431','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Engineered ionic polymer metal composites as extension sensors: Theory and experiments<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">ASME Letters in Dynamic Systems and Control\/MECC 2025 Joint Submission, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 6, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_issue\">iss. 1, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 011003 (6-pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2026<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_431\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('431','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_431\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('431','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_431\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('431','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_431\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{FakharianO_2026_ALDSC,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Engineered ionic polymer metal composites as extension sensors: Theory and experiments},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {O. Fakharian, W. S. Nagel, K. K. Leang, M. Aureli},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FakharianO_2025_ALDSC.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {10.1115\/1.4069646},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2026},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2026-01-01},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2026-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {ASME Letters in Dynamic Systems and Control\/MECC 2025 Joint Submission},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {6},<br \/>\r\nissue = {1},<br \/>\r\npages = {011003 (6-pages)},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {This article investigates analytically and experimentally the mechano-chemo-electrical behavior of ionic polymer\u2013metal composite (IPMC) and engineered IPMC (eIPMC) sensors under extensional loading. To predict the sensing response of eIPMCs, a detailed model is proposed incorporating a composite layer (CL) for the abraded interface between polymer and electrode. We present open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current sensing predictions derived from this model, and we validate them via experiments on anisotropic extensional loading of IPMCs. Experimental results demonstrate that our sensors\u2019 electrical<br \/>\r\noutputs align well with theoretical predictions, thereby validating our findings and enhancing our understanding of eIPMC strain sensor behavior.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('431','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_431\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">This article investigates analytically and experimentally the mechano-chemo-electrical behavior of ionic polymer\u2013metal composite (IPMC) and engineered IPMC (eIPMC) sensors under extensional loading. To predict the sensing response of eIPMCs, a detailed model is proposed incorporating a composite layer (CL) for the abraded interface between polymer and electrode. We present open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current sensing predictions derived from this model, and we validate them via experiments on anisotropic extensional loading of IPMCs. Experimental results demonstrate that our sensors\u2019 electrical<br \/>\r\noutputs align well with theoretical predictions, thereby validating our findings and enhancing our understanding of eIPMC strain sensor behavior.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('431','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_431\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FakharianO_2025_ALDSC.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FakharianO_2025_ALDSC.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FakharianO_2025_ALDSC.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4069646\" title=\"Follow DOI:10.1115\/1.4069646\" target=\"_blank\">doi:10.1115\/1.4069646<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('431','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2025\">2025<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">48.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Engineered ionic polymer metal composites (eIPMCs) under dynamic compression loading conditions: theory and experiments\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/2025SMS.png\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Engineered ionic polymer metal composites (eIPMCs) under dynamic compression loading conditions: theory and experiments\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">O. Fakharian, W.S. Nagel, K.K. Leang, M. Aureli<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('429','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Engineered ionic polymer metal composites (eIPMCs) under dynamic compression loading conditions: theory and experiments<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\"> Smart Materials and Structures, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 34, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_issue\">iss. 2, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 025048, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2025<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_429\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('429','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_429\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('429','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_429\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('429','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_429\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{FakharianO_2025_SMS,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Engineered ionic polymer metal composites (eIPMCs) under dynamic compression loading conditions: theory and experiments},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {O. Fakharian, W.S. Nagel, K.K. Leang, M. Aureli},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FakharianO_2025_SMS.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {10.1088\/1361-665X\/adaab6},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2025},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2025-01-30},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2025-01-30},<br \/>\r\njournal = { Smart Materials and Structures},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {34},<br \/>\r\nissue = {2},<br \/>\r\npages = {025048},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {Engineered Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (eIPMCs) represent the next generation of IPMCs, soft electro-chemo-mechanically coupled smart materials used as actuators and sensors. Recent studies indicate that eIPMC sensors, featuring unique microstructures at the interface between the ionic polymer membrane and the electrode, exhibit enhanced electrochemical behavior and sensitivity under compression, as compared to traditional IPMCs. However, a complete and experimentally-validated model of how eIPMCs behave under dynamic compression loads is currently missing. In this paper, we develop an analytical model for eIPMC sensors, elucidating the role of the engineered interface, modeled as a separate material layer with unique mechanical and electrochemical properties. Theoretical predictions focus on the mechanical-to-electrochemical transduction response under dynamic compressive loads. Experimental verification is conducted on conventional IPMC and novel eIPMC samples fabricated using the polymer abrading technique. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is performed to study the effect of the engineered interface on the electrochemical properties. Open-circuit (OC) voltage and short-circuit (SC) current are measured under external compressive loads in different loading scenarios to demonstrate sensing performance. Results show good qualitative agreement between experimental trends and model predictions. Experiments over the frequency range 1\u201318Hz demonstrate an increase of 220%\u2013290% in open-circuit voltage and 17%\u2013166% in SC current sensitivity for eIPMCs over IPMCs.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('429','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_429\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">Engineered Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (eIPMCs) represent the next generation of IPMCs, soft electro-chemo-mechanically coupled smart materials used as actuators and sensors. Recent studies indicate that eIPMC sensors, featuring unique microstructures at the interface between the ionic polymer membrane and the electrode, exhibit enhanced electrochemical behavior and sensitivity under compression, as compared to traditional IPMCs. However, a complete and experimentally-validated model of how eIPMCs behave under dynamic compression loads is currently missing. In this paper, we develop an analytical model for eIPMC sensors, elucidating the role of the engineered interface, modeled as a separate material layer with unique mechanical and electrochemical properties. Theoretical predictions focus on the mechanical-to-electrochemical transduction response under dynamic compressive loads. Experimental verification is conducted on conventional IPMC and novel eIPMC samples fabricated using the polymer abrading technique. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is performed to study the effect of the engineered interface on the electrochemical properties. Open-circuit (OC) voltage and short-circuit (SC) current are measured under external compressive loads in different loading scenarios to demonstrate sensing performance. Results show good qualitative agreement between experimental trends and model predictions. Experiments over the frequency range 1\u201318Hz demonstrate an increase of 220%\u2013290% in open-circuit voltage and 17%\u2013166% in SC current sensitivity for eIPMCs over IPMCs.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('429','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_429\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FakharianO_2025_SMS.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FakharianO_2025_SMS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FakharianO_2025_SMS.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-665X\/adaab6\" title=\"Follow DOI:10.1088\/1361-665X\/adaab6\" target=\"_blank\">doi:10.1088\/1361-665X\/adaab6<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('429','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2024\">2024<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">47.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Magnetically-actuated Endoluminal Soft Robot with Electroactive Polymer Actuation for Enhanced Gait Performance\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/2024JMR-1.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Magnetically-actuated Endoluminal Soft Robot with Electroactive Polymer Actuation for Enhanced Gait Performance\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">J. A. Steiner; W. S. Nagel; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('422','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Magnetically-actuated Endoluminal Soft Robot with Electroactive Polymer Actuation for Enhanced Gait Performance<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">ASME J. Mechanisms and Robotics (In press), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 16, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 10, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 104503, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2024<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_422\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('422','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_422\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('422','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_422\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{SteinerJA_2024_JMR,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Magnetically-actuated Endoluminal Soft Robot with Electroactive Polymer Actuation for Enhanced Gait Performance},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {J. A. Steiner and W. S. Nagel and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/SteinerJA_2024_JMR.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4066130},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2024},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2024-08-22},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2024-08-22},<br \/>\r\njournal = {ASME J. Mechanisms and Robotics (In press)},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {16},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {10},<br \/>\r\npages = {104503},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('422','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_422\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/SteinerJA_2024_JMR.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/SteinerJA_2024_JMR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/SteinerJA_2024_JMR.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4066130\" title=\"Follow DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4066130\" target=\"_blank\">doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4066130<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('422','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2023\">2023<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">46.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Engineered IPMC Sensors: Modeling, Characterization, and Application towards Wearable Postural-tactile Measurement\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/2024_SMS.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Engineered IPMC Sensors: Modeling, Characterization, and Application towards Wearable Postural-tactile Measurement\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">W. S. Nagel, O. Fakharian, M. Aureli, K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('416','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Engineered IPMC Sensors: Modeling, Characterization, and Application towards Wearable Postural-tactile Measurement<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Smart Materials and Structures, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 33, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 015035  (12 pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2023<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_416\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('416','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_416\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('416','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_416\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('416','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_416\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{NagelWS_2024_SMS,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Engineered IPMC Sensors: Modeling, Characterization, and Application towards Wearable Postural-tactile Measurement},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {W. S. Nagel, O. Fakharian, M. Aureli, K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {10.1088\/1361-665X\/ad142b},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2023},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2023-12-22},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2023-12-22},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Smart Materials and Structures},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {33},<br \/>\r\npages = {015035  (12 pages)},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {This paper focuses on the modeling and development of engineered ionic polymer-metal composite (eIPMC) sensors for applications such as postural and tactile measurement in mechatronics\/robotics-assisted finger rehabilitation therapy. Specifically, to tailor the sensitivity of the device, eIPMCs, fabricated using a polymer-surface abrading technique, are utilized as the sensing element. An enhanced chemoelectromechanical model is developed that captures the effect of the abrading process on the multiphysics sensing behavior under different loading conditions. The fabricated sensors are characterized using scanning electron microscopy imaging and cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Results show significant improvement in the electrochemical properties, including charge storage, double layer capacitance, and surface conductance, compared to the control samples. Finally, prototype postural-tactile finger sensors composed of different eIPMC variants are created and their performance validated under postural and tactile experiments. The tailored eIPMC sensors show increased open-circuit voltage response compared to control IPMCs, with 7.7- and 4.7-times larger peak-to-peak bending response under postural changes, as well as a 3.2-times more sensitive response under compression during tactile loading, demonstrating the feasibility of eIPMC sensors.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('416','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_416\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">This paper focuses on the modeling and development of engineered ionic polymer-metal composite (eIPMC) sensors for applications such as postural and tactile measurement in mechatronics\/robotics-assisted finger rehabilitation therapy. Specifically, to tailor the sensitivity of the device, eIPMCs, fabricated using a polymer-surface abrading technique, are utilized as the sensing element. An enhanced chemoelectromechanical model is developed that captures the effect of the abrading process on the multiphysics sensing behavior under different loading conditions. The fabricated sensors are characterized using scanning electron microscopy imaging and cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Results show significant improvement in the electrochemical properties, including charge storage, double layer capacitance, and surface conductance, compared to the control samples. Finally, prototype postural-tactile finger sensors composed of different eIPMC variants are created and their performance validated under postural and tactile experiments. The tailored eIPMC sensors show increased open-circuit voltage response compared to control IPMCs, with 7.7- and 4.7-times larger peak-to-peak bending response under postural changes, as well as a 3.2-times more sensitive response under compression during tactile loading, demonstrating the feasibility of eIPMC sensors.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('416','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_416\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-665X\/ad142b\" title=\"Follow DOI:10.1088\/1361-665X\/ad142b\" target=\"_blank\">doi:10.1088\/1361-665X\/ad142b<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('416','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2022\">2022<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">45.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Sensors and Actuators for Wearable and Medical Devices\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/2022_AMSM.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Sensors and Actuators for Wearable and Medical Devices\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">W. S. Nagel, J. A. Steiner, O. Fakharian, M. Aureli; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Sensors and Actuators for Wearable and Medical Devices <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">6th International Conference on Active Materials and Soft Mechatronics (AMSM 2022), October 26-29, 2022, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2022<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_420\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('420','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_420\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{NagelWS_2022_AMSM,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Sensors and Actuators for Wearable and Medical Devices},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {W. S. Nagel, J. A. Steiner, O. Fakharian, M. Aureli and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2022},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2022-10-29},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2022-10-29},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {6th International Conference on Active Materials and Soft Mechatronics (AMSM 2022), October 26-29, 2022, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia, USA},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('420','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_phdthesis\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">44.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Locomotion and Steering of a Magnetic-electroactive Endoluminal Soft Robot\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/UU_PhD_Dissertation.png\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Locomotion and Steering of a Magnetic-electroactive Endoluminal Soft Robot\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">J. Steiner<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Locomotion and Steering of a Magnetic-electroactive Endoluminal Soft Robot <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  phdthesis\">PhD Thesis<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2022<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_424\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('424','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_424\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@phdthesis{SteinerJ_2022_PHD,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Locomotion and Steering of a Magnetic-electroactive Endoluminal Soft Robot},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {J. Steiner},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2022},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2022-08-12},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {phdthesis}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('424','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2021\">2021<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">43.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Ionic Polymer Metal Composite Compression Sensors with 3D-Structured Interfaces\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/2022_SMS.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Ionic Polymer Metal Composite Compression Sensors with 3D-Structured Interfaces\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">R. Histed, J. Ngo, O. Hussain, C. K. Lapins, O. Fakharian, K. K. Leang, Y. Liao, M. Aureli<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Ionic Polymer Metal Composite Compression Sensors with 3D-Structured Interfaces <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Smart Materials and Structures, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 30, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 12, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 125027, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2021<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_407\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('407','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_407\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{HistedR_2021_SMS,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Ionic Polymer Metal Composite Compression Sensors with 3D-Structured Interfaces},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {R. Histed, J. Ngo, O. Hussain, C. K. Lapins, O. Fakharian, K. K. Leang, Y. Liao, M. Aureli},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2021},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2021-11-01},<br \/>\r\nurldate = {2021-10-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Smart Materials and Structures},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {30},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {12},<br \/>\r\npages = {125027},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('407','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2019\">2019<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_mastersthesis\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">42.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Hygroscopic swelling for 4D fabrication of ionic polymer-metal composite soft-robotic devices\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/UU_MS_Thesis-1-1.png\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Hygroscopic swelling for 4D fabrication of ionic polymer-metal composite soft-robotic devices\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">Tom Tyler<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Hygroscopic swelling for 4D fabrication of ionic polymer-metal composite soft-robotic devices <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  mastersthesis\">Masters Thesis<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_school\">University of Utah, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2019<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_411\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('411','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_411\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@mastersthesis{TylerT_2019,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Hygroscopic swelling for 4D fabrication of ionic polymer-metal composite soft-robotic devices},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {Tom Tyler},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2019},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2019-04-06},<br \/>\r\nschool = {University of Utah},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {mastersthesis}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('411','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2018\">2018<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_phdthesis\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">41.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"3D printing, performance characterization, and machine learning control of ionic polymer-metal composite actuators with applications in soft robotics\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/UU_PhD_Dissertation.png\" width=\"100\" alt=\"3D printing, performance characterization, and machine learning control of ionic polymer-metal composite actuators with applications in soft robotics\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">James D. Carrico<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">3D printing, performance characterization, and machine learning control of ionic polymer-metal composite actuators with applications in soft robotics <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  phdthesis\">PhD Thesis<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_school\">University of Utah, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2018<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_369\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('369','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_369\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@phdthesis{CarricoJD_2018_PHD,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {3D printing, performance characterization, and machine learning control of ionic polymer-metal composite actuators with applications in soft robotics},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {James D. Carrico},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2018},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2018-09-17},<br \/>\r\nschool = {University of Utah},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {phdthesis}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('369','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">40.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"A Comprehensive Review of Select Smart Polymeric and Gel Actuators for Soft Mechatronics Applications: Fundamentals, Free-form Fabrication, and Motion Control\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/2017_IJSNM.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"A Comprehensive Review of Select Smart Polymeric and Gel Actuators for Soft Mechatronics Applications: Fundamentals, Free-form Fabrication, and Motion Control\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">J. D. Carrico, T. Tyler; K. K. Leang. <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('360','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">A Comprehensive Review of Select Smart Polymeric and Gel Actuators for Soft Mechatronics Applications: Fundamentals, Free-form Fabrication, and Motion Control<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Invited article to the Special Issue on Active Materials and Soft Mechatronics, International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 8, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 144-213, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2018<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_360\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('360','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_360\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('360','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_360\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{CarricoJD_2017_IJSNM,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {A Comprehensive Review of Select Smart Polymeric and Gel Actuators for Soft Mechatronics Applications: Fundamentals, Free-form Fabrication, and Motion Control},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {J. D. Carrico, T. Tyler and K. K. Leang. },<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2018_IJSNM.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2018},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2018-02-07},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Invited article to the Special Issue on Active Materials and Soft Mechatronics, International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {8},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {4},<br \/>\r\npages = {144-213},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('360','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_360\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2018_IJSNM.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2018_IJSNM.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2018_IJSNM.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('360','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2017\">2017<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">39.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Guest Editorial: Focused Section on Advances in Soft Robotics\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/JIRA2017.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Guest Editorial: Focused Section on Advances in Soft Robotics\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">X. Tan, K. K. Leang; Z. Yin<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Guest Editorial: Focused Section on Advances in Soft Robotics <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">International Journal of Intelligent Robotics and Applications, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 1, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 2, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 121 - 123, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2017<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_354\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('354','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_354\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{TanX_2017_IJIRA,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Guest Editorial: Focused Section on Advances in Soft Robotics},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {X. Tan, K. K. Leang and Z. Yin},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2017},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2017-04-08},<br \/>\r\njournal = {International Journal of Intelligent Robotics and Applications},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {1},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {2},<br \/>\r\npages = {121 - 123},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('354','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inbook\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">38.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Guidelines for making Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite (IPMC) materials as artificial muscles by advanced manufacturing methods: State-of-the-Art, \" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/yosi.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Guidelines for making Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite (IPMC) materials as artificial muscles by advanced manufacturing methods: State-of-the-Art, \" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">Kwang J. Kim, Tyler Stalbaum, Sarah Trabia, Taeseon Hwang, Zakai Olsen, Shelby Nelson, Qi Shen, Dong-Chan Lee, James Carrico, Kam K. Leang, Viljar Palmre, Jungsoo Nam, Ilseok Park, Rashi Tiwari, Doyeon Kim; Sungjun Kim<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Guidelines for making Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite (IPMC) materials as artificial muscles by advanced manufacturing methods: State-of-the-Art,  <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inbook\">Book Chapter<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span> Bar-Cohen, Yoseph (Ed.): <span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">Advances in manufacturing and processing of materials and structures (Under review), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_publisher\">CRC Press\/Taylor &amp; Francis Group, LLC, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2017<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_352\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('352','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_352\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inbook{kimkj_2018a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Guidelines for making Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite (IPMC) materials as artificial muscles by advanced manufacturing methods: State-of-the-Art, },<br \/>\r\nauthor = {Kwang J. Kim, Tyler Stalbaum, Sarah Trabia, Taeseon Hwang, Zakai Olsen, Shelby Nelson, Qi Shen, Dong-Chan Lee, James Carrico, Kam K. Leang, Viljar Palmre, Jungsoo Nam, Ilseok Park, Rashi Tiwari, Doyeon Kim and Sungjun Kim},<br \/>\r\neditor = {Yoseph Bar-Cohen},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2017},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2017-03-23},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {Advances in manufacturing and processing of materials and structures (Under review)},<br \/>\r\npublisher = {CRC Press\/Taylor & Francis Group, LLC},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inbook}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('352','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">37.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Fused Filament 3D Printing of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites for Soft Robotics\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/2017SPIE.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Fused Filament 3D Printing of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites for Soft Robotics\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">K. K. Leang; J. D. Carrico<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Fused Filament 3D Printing of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites for Soft Robotics <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">SPIE Smart Structures and Materials and Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, Portland, OR, March 26-29, 2017., <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2017<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_351\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('351','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_351\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{CarricoJD_2017c,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Fused Filament 3D Printing of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites for Soft Robotics},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {K. K. Leang and J. D. Carrico},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2017},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2017-03-22},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {SPIE Smart Structures and Materials and Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, Portland, OR, March 26-29, 2017.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('351','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">36.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"3D-Printed Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Soft Crawling Robot\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/2017_icra01.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"3D-Printed Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Soft Crawling Robot\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">J. D. Carrico, K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang,<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">3D-Printed Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Soft Crawling Robot <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Sands Expo and Convention Centre, Marina Bay Sands in Singapore, May 29 - June 3, 2017, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2017<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_344\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('344','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_344\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{CarricoJD_2017b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {3D-Printed Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Soft Crawling Robot},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {J. D. Carrico, K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang,},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2017},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2017-03-01},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Sands Expo and Convention Centre, Marina Bay Sands in Singapore, May 29 - June 3, 2017},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('344','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2016\">2016<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">35.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"3D Printing of Smart Materials\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Robocasting_complete.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"3D Printing of Smart Materials\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">K. J. Kim, S. Trabia, Z. Olson, T. Stalbaum; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">3D Printing of Smart Materials <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">International Workshop on Active Materials and Soft Mechatronics, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea, July 7-8, 2016, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2016<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_337\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('337','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_337\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{kimkj_2016b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {3D Printing of Smart Materials},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {K. J. Kim, S. Trabia, Z. Olson, T. Stalbaum and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2016},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2016-07-07},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {International Workshop on Active Materials and Soft Mechatronics, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea, July 7-8, 2016},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('337','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">34.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"IPMC Manufacturing Techniques: Recent Developments\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/ipmc.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"IPMC Manufacturing Techniques: Recent Developments\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">IPMC Manufacturing Techniques: Recent Developments <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">International Workshop on Active Materials and Soft Mechatronics, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea, July 7-8, 2016, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2016<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_336\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('336','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_336\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{kimkj_2016a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {IPMC Manufacturing Techniques: Recent Developments},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2016},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2016-07-07},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {International Workshop on Active Materials and Soft Mechatronics, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea, July 7-8, 2016},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('336','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inbook\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">33.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"IPMCs as EAPs: how to start experimenting with them\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/chap12.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"IPMCs as EAPs: how to start experimenting with them\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">K. Asaka, K. Kruusamae, K. J. Kim, V. Palmre; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">IPMCs as EAPs: how to start experimenting with them <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inbook\">Book Chapter<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_publisher\">Springer International Publishing AG (in press), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2016<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_311\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('311','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_311\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inbook{AsakaK_2016,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {IPMCs as EAPs: how to start experimenting with them},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {K. Asaka, K. Kruusamae, K. J. Kim, V. Palmre and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2016},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2016-05-04},<br \/>\r\npublisher = {Springer International Publishing AG (in press)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inbook}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('311','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inbook\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">32.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Precision feedback and feedforward control of ionic polymer-metal composite actuators\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/IPMC_book_chap.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Precision feedback and feedforward control of ionic polymer-metal composite actuators\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">James D. Carrico, Maxwell Fleming, Marissa A. Tsugawa; Kam K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Precision feedback and feedforward control of ionic polymer-metal composite actuators <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inbook\">Book Chapter<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span> Shahinpoor, M. (Ed.): <span class=\"tp_pub_additional_chapter\"> Chapter 11, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_publisher\">Royal Society of Chemistry, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2016<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_316\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('316','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_316\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inbook{CarricoJD_2016a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Precision feedback and feedforward control of ionic polymer-metal composite actuators},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {James D. Carrico, Maxwell Fleming, Marissa A. Tsugawa and Kam K. Leang},<br \/>\r\neditor = {M. Shahinpoor},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2016},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2016-02-01},<br \/>\r\npublisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry},<br \/>\r\nchapter = {11},<br \/>\r\nseries = {Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMCs): Smart Multi-Functional Materials and Artificial Muscles},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inbook}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('316','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">31.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Characterization of 3D-printed IPMC Actuators\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/3printIPMC.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Characterization of 3D-printed IPMC Actuators\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">J. D. Carrico, J. Erickson; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('330','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Characterization of 3D-printed IPMC Actuators<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">SPIE Smart Structures\/NDE, Las Vegas, Nevada, March 20-24, 2016, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2016<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_330\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('330','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_330\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('330','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_330\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{CarricoJD_2015bb,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Characterization of 3D-printed IPMC Actuators},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {J. D. Carrico, J. Erickson and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {doi:10.1117\/12.2219649},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2016},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2016-01-07},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {SPIE Smart Structures\/NDE, Las Vegas, Nevada, March 20-24, 2016},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {9798},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('330','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_330\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/doi:10.1117\/12.2219649\" title=\"Follow DOI:doi:10.1117\/12.2219649\" target=\"_blank\">doi:doi:10.1117\/12.2219649<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('330','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2015\">2015<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">30.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Fused filament 3D printing of ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs)\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/3d_print_IPMC.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Fused filament 3D printing of ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs)\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">James D. Carrico, Nick W. Traeden, Matteo Aureli; Kam K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('325','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Fused filament 3D printing of ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs)<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Smart Materials and Structures, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 24, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 125021 (11 pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2015<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_325\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('325','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_325\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('325','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_325\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{CarricoJD_2015b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Fused filament 3D printing of ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs)},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {James D. Carrico, Nick W. Traeden, Matteo Aureli and Kam K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2015b.pdf},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {doi:10.1088\/0964-1726\/24\/12\/125021},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2015},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2015-11-08},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Smart Materials and Structures},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {24},<br \/>\r\npages = {125021 (11 pages)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('325','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_325\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2015b.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2015b.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/CarricoJD_2015b.pdf<\/a><\/li><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/doi:10.1088\/0964-1726\/24\/12\/125021\" title=\"Follow DOI:doi:10.1088\/0964-1726\/24\/12\/125021\" target=\"_blank\">doi:doi:10.1088\/0964-1726\/24\/12\/125021<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('325','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">29.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Fused Filament Additive Manufacturing of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Soft Active 3D Structures\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/SMASIS_2015.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Fused Filament Additive Manufacturing of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Soft Active 3D Structures\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">J. D. Carrico, N. W. Traeden, M. Aureli; K. K. Leang,<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('319','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Fused Filament Additive Manufacturing of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Soft Active 3D Structures<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">ASME Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems (SMASIS),  September 21-23, 2015 in Colorado Springs, Colorado., <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_address\">Colorado Springs, Colorado, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2015<\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_note\">, (Jim Carrico and Nick Traeden were winners of the 2015 SMASIS Conf. Best Student Paper Award!)<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_319\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('319','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_319\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('319','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_319\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{CarricoJD_2015b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Fused Filament Additive Manufacturing of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Soft Active 3D Structures},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {J. D. Carrico, N. W. Traeden, M. Aureli and K. K. Leang,},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/Leang_SMASIS2015-8895(final).pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2015},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2015-07-20},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {ASME Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems (SMASIS),  September 21-23, 2015 in Colorado Springs, Colorado.},<br \/>\r\naddress = {Colorado Springs, Colorado},<br \/>\r\nnote = {Jim Carrico and Nick Traeden were winners of the 2015 SMASIS Conf. Best Student Paper Award!},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('319','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_319\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/Leang_SMASIS2015-8895(final).pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/Leang_SMASIS2015-8895(final).pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/Leang_SMASIS2015-8895(final).pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('319','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">28.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Slender tube-shaped and square rod-shaped IPMC actuators with integrated sensing for soft mechatronics\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/tube_ipmc.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Slender tube-shaped and square rod-shaped IPMC actuators with integrated sensing for soft mechatronics\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">M. A. Tsugawa, V. Palmre, J. D. Carrico, K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Slender tube-shaped and square rod-shaped IPMC actuators with integrated sensing for soft mechatronics <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Meccanica, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 50, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 11, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 2781-2795, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2015<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_312\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('312','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_312\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{TsugawaMA_2015,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Slender tube-shaped and square rod-shaped IPMC actuators with integrated sensing for soft mechatronics},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {M. A. Tsugawa, V. Palmre, J. D. Carrico, K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2015},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2015-06-16},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Meccanica},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {50},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {11},<br \/>\r\npages = {2781-2795},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('312','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2014\">2014<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">27.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Nanothorn electrodes for ionic polymer-metal composite artificial muscles\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/nanothorn.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Nanothorn electrodes for ionic polymer-metal composite artificial muscles\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> V. Palmre; D. Pugal; K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang; K. Asaka; A. Aabloo<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('288','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Nanothorn electrodes for ionic polymer-metal composite artificial muscles<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Scientific Reports, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 6176, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2014<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_288\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('288','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_288\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('288','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_288\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{PalmreV_2014,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Nanothorn electrodes for ionic polymer-metal composite artificial muscles},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { V. Palmre and D. Pugal and K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang and K. Asaka and A. Aabloo},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PalmreV_2014.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2014},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2014-09-17},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Scientific Reports},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {4},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {6176},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('288','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_288\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PalmreV_2014.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PalmreV_2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PalmreV_2014.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('288','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_mastersthesis\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">26.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Development of a tube-shaped ionic polymer-metal composite  actuator with integrated sensing\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/UNR_MS_Thesis2.png\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Development of a tube-shaped ionic polymer-metal composite  actuator with integrated sensing\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">M. A. Tsugawa<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Development of a tube-shaped ionic polymer-metal composite  actuator with integrated sensing <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  mastersthesis\">Masters Thesis<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_school\">University of Nevada, Reno, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2014<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_314\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('314','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_314\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@mastersthesis{TsugawaMA_2014,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Development of a tube-shaped ionic polymer-metal composite  actuator with integrated sensing},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {M. A. Tsugawa},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2014},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2014-08-05},<br \/>\r\nschool = {University of Nevada, Reno},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {mastersthesis}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('314','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">25.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Monolithic IPMC fins for propulsion and maneuvering in bio-inspired underwater robotics\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/fish.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Monolithic IPMC fins for propulsion and maneuvering in bio-inspired underwater robotics\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> J. J. Hubbard; M. Fleming; V. Palmre; D. Pugal; K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('241','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Monolithic IPMC fins for propulsion and maneuvering in bio-inspired underwater robotics<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 39, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 3, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 540 - 551, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2014<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_241\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('241','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_241\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('241','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_241\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{HubbardJJ_2013,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Monolithic IPMC fins for propulsion and maneuvering in bio-inspired underwater robotics},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { J. J. Hubbard and M. Fleming and V. Palmre and D. Pugal and K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HubbardJJ_2014.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2014},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2014-07-10},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {39},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {3},<br \/>\r\npages = {540 - 551},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('241','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_241\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HubbardJJ_2014.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HubbardJJ_2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HubbardJJ_2014.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('241','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2013\">2013<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">24.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"The effects of electrode surface morphology on the actuation performance of IPMC\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/spie2013.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"The effects of electrode surface morphology on the actuation performance of IPMC\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> V. Palmre; D. Pugal; K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">The effects of electrode surface morphology on the actuation performance of IPMC <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">SPIE Smart Structures and Materials and Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2013<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_287\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('287','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_287\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{PalmreV_2013b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {The effects of electrode surface morphology on the actuation performance of IPMC},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { V. Palmre and D. Pugal and K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2013},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2013-01-01},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {SPIE Smart Structures and Materials and Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('287','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">23.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Sectored tube-shaped ionic polymer-metal composite actuator with integrated sensor\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/SMASIS_2013.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Sectored tube-shaped ionic polymer-metal composite actuator with integrated sensor\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> M. Tsugawa; V. Palmre; K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('274','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Sectored tube-shaped ionic polymer-metal composite actuator with integrated sensor<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">ASME Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems, September 19-21, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_address\">Snowbird, Utah, USA, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2013<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_274\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('274','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_274\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('274','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_274\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{TsagawaM_2013a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Sectored tube-shaped ionic polymer-metal composite actuator with integrated sensor},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { M. Tsugawa and V. Palmre and K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/TsugawaMA_2013a.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2013},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2013-01-01},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {ASME Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems, September 19-21},<br \/>\r\naddress = {Snowbird, Utah, USA},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('274','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_274\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/TsugawaMA_2013a.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/TsugawaMA_2013a.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/TsugawaMA_2013a.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('274','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">22.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"An IPMC-enabled bio-inspired bending\/twisting fin for underwater applications\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/fish.png\" width=\"100\" alt=\"An IPMC-enabled bio-inspired bending\/twisting fin for underwater applications\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> V. Palmre; M. Fleming; J. J. Hubbard; D. Pugal; S. Kim; K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('290','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">An IPMC-enabled bio-inspired bending\/twisting fin for underwater applications<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Smart Mater. Struct., <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 22, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 014003, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2013<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_290\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('290','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_290\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('290','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_290\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('290','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_290\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{PalmreV_2013,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {An IPMC-enabled bio-inspired bending\/twisting fin for underwater applications},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { V. Palmre and M. Fleming and J. J. Hubbard and D. Pugal and S. Kim and K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PalmreV_2013.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2013},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2013-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Smart Mater. Struct.},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {22},<br \/>\r\npages = {014003},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {This paper discusses the design, fabrication, and characterization of an ionic polymer\u2013metal composite (IPMC) actuator-based bio-inspired active fin capable of bending and twisting motion. It is pointed out that IPMC strip actuators are used in the simple cantilever configuration to create simple bending (flapping-like) motion for propulsion in underwater autonomous systems. However, the resulting motion is a simple 1D bending and performance is rather limited. To enable more complex deformation, such as the flapping (pitch and heaving) motion of real pectoral and caudal fish fins, a new approach which involves molding or integrating IPMC actuators into a soft boot material to create an active control surface (called a \u2018fin\u2019) is presented. The fin can be used to realize complex deformation depending on the orientation and placement of the actuators. In contrast to previously created IPMCs with patterned electrodes for the same purpose, the proposed design avoids (1) the<br \/>\r\nmore expensive process of electroless plating platinum all throughout the surface of the actuator and (2) the need for specially patterning the electrodes. Therefore, standard shaped IPMC actuators such as those with rectangular dimensions with varying thicknesses can be used. One unique advantage of the proposed structural design is that custom shaped fins and control surfaces can be easily created without special materials processing. The molding process is cost effective and does not require functionalizing or \u2018activating\u2019 the boot material similar to creating IPMCs. For a prototype fin (90-mm wide x 60-mm long x 1.5-mm thick), the measured maximum tip displacement was approximately 44 mm and the twist angle of the fin exceeded 10\u000e. Lift and drag measurements in water where the prototype fin with an airfoil profile was dragged through water at a velocity of 21 cm\/s showed that the lift and drag forces can be affected by controlling the IPMCs embedded into the fin structure.  These results suggest that such IPMC-enabled fin designs can be used for developing active propeller blades or control surfaces on underwater vehicles.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('290','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_290\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">This paper discusses the design, fabrication, and characterization of an ionic polymer\u2013metal composite (IPMC) actuator-based bio-inspired active fin capable of bending and twisting motion. It is pointed out that IPMC strip actuators are used in the simple cantilever configuration to create simple bending (flapping-like) motion for propulsion in underwater autonomous systems. However, the resulting motion is a simple 1D bending and performance is rather limited. To enable more complex deformation, such as the flapping (pitch and heaving) motion of real pectoral and caudal fish fins, a new approach which involves molding or integrating IPMC actuators into a soft boot material to create an active control surface (called a \u2018fin\u2019) is presented. The fin can be used to realize complex deformation depending on the orientation and placement of the actuators. In contrast to previously created IPMCs with patterned electrodes for the same purpose, the proposed design avoids (1) the<br \/>\r\nmore expensive process of electroless plating platinum all throughout the surface of the actuator and (2) the need for specially patterning the electrodes. Therefore, standard shaped IPMC actuators such as those with rectangular dimensions with varying thicknesses can be used. One unique advantage of the proposed structural design is that custom shaped fins and control surfaces can be easily created without special materials processing. The molding process is cost effective and does not require functionalizing or \u2018activating\u2019 the boot material similar to creating IPMCs. For a prototype fin (90-mm wide x 60-mm long x 1.5-mm thick), the measured maximum tip displacement was approximately 44 mm and the twist angle of the fin exceeded 10\u000e. Lift and drag measurements in water where the prototype fin with an airfoil profile was dragged through water at a velocity of 21 cm\/s showed that the lift and drag forces can be affected by controlling the IPMCs embedded into the fin structure.  These results suggest that such IPMC-enabled fin designs can be used for developing active propeller blades or control surfaces on underwater vehicles.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('290','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_290\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PalmreV_2013.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PalmreV_2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/PalmreV_2013.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('290','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">21.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Precision Control of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuators\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/bamn2013.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Precision Control of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuators\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('254','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Precision Control of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuators<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">7th World Congress on Biomimetics, Artificial Muscles and Nano-Bio (BAMN2013), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2013<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_254\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('254','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_254\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('254','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_254\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{LeangKK_2013a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Precision Control of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuators},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/LeangKK_2013_BAMN.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2013},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2013-01-01},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {7th World Congress on Biomimetics, Artificial Muscles and Nano-Bio (BAMN2013)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('254','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_254\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/LeangKK_2013_BAMN.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/LeangKK_2013_BAMN.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/LeangKK_2013_BAMN.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('254','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2012\">2012<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_mastersthesis\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">20.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Mitigating IPMC back relaxation through feedforward and feedback control of patterned electrodes\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/UNR_MS_Thesis4.png\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Mitigating IPMC back relaxation through feedforward and feedback control of patterned electrodes\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">Maxwell J. Fleming<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('305','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Mitigating IPMC back relaxation through feedforward and feedback control of patterned electrodes<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  mastersthesis\">Masters Thesis<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2012<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_305\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('305','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_305\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('305','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_305\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@mastersthesis{FlemingMJ_2012a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Mitigating IPMC back relaxation through feedforward and feedback control of patterned electrodes},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {Maxwell J. Fleming},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FlemingMJ_MSThesis.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2012},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2012-06-01},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {mastersthesis}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('305','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_305\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FlemingMJ_MSThesis.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FlemingMJ_MSThesis.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/FlemingMJ_MSThesis.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('305','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">19.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Physics based electromechanical model of IPMC considering various underlying currents\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/spie2012.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Physics based electromechanical model of IPMC considering various underlying currents\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> D. Pugal; K. J. Kim; V. Palmre; K. K. Leang; A. Aablo<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Physics based electromechanical model of IPMC considering various underlying currents <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">SPIE Smart Structures and Materials and Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2012<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_231\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('231','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_231\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{PugalD_2012b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Physics based electromechanical model of IPMC considering various underlying currents},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { D. Pugal and K. J. Kim and V. Palmre and K. K. Leang and A. Aablo},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2012},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2012-01-01},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {SPIE Smart Structures and Materials and Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('231','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">18.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Mitigating IPMC back relaxation through feedforward and feedback control of patterned electrodes\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/sms2012a.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Mitigating IPMC back relaxation through feedforward and feedback control of patterned electrodes\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> M. J. Fleming; K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Mitigating IPMC back relaxation through feedforward and feedback control of patterned electrodes <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Smart Mater. Struct., <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 21, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 085002 (12 pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2012<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_273\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('273','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_273\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{FlemingMJ_2012c,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Mitigating IPMC back relaxation through feedforward and feedback control of patterned electrodes},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { M. J. Fleming and K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2012},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2012-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Smart Mater. Struct.},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {21},<br \/>\r\npages = {085002 (12 pages)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('273','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">17.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Introduction to the themed articles on ionic polymer-metal composites\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/snm-1.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Introduction to the themed articles on ionic polymer-metal composites\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Introduction to the themed articles on ionic polymer-metal composites <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 3, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 3, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 183 \u2013 187, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2012<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_248\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('248','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_248\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{KimKJ_2012a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Introduction to the themed articles on ionic polymer-metal composites},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2012},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2012-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {3},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {3},<br \/>\r\npages = {183 -- 187},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('248','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">16.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Introduction to part 2 of the themed articles on ionic polymer-metal composites\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/snm.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Introduction to part 2 of the themed articles on ionic polymer-metal composites\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Introduction to part 2 of the themed articles on ionic polymer-metal composites <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 3, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 243, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2012<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_247\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('247','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_247\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{KimKJ_2012h,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Introduction to part 2 of the themed articles on ionic polymer-metal composites},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2012},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2012-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {3},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {4},<br \/>\r\npages = {243},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('247','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">15.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Integrated sensing for IPMC actuators using strain gages for underwater applications\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/tmech2012.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Integrated sensing for IPMC actuators using strain gages for underwater applications\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> K. K. Leang; Y. Shan; S. Song; K. J. Kim<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Integrated sensing for IPMC actuators using strain gages for underwater applications <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatronics, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 17, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 2, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 345 \u2013 355, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2012<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_270\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('270','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_270\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{LeangKK_2012c,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Integrated sensing for IPMC actuators using strain gages for underwater applications},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { K. K. Leang and Y. Shan and S. Song and K. J. Kim},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2012},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2012-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatronics},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {17},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {2},<br \/>\r\npages = {345 -- 355},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('270','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2011\">2011<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_mastersthesis\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">14.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Design and characterization of sectored (patterned) IPMC actuators for propulsion and maneuvering in bio-inspired underwater systems\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/UNR_MS_Thesis3.png\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Design and characterization of sectored (patterned) IPMC actuators for propulsion and maneuvering in bio-inspired underwater systems\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">Joel J. Hubbard<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('307','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Design and characterization of sectored (patterned) IPMC actuators for propulsion and maneuvering in bio-inspired underwater systems<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  mastersthesis\">Masters Thesis<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_school\">University of Nevada, Reno, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_address\">Reno, Nevada, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2011<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_307\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('307','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_307\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('307','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_307\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@mastersthesis{HubbardJJ_2011b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Design and characterization of sectored (patterned) IPMC actuators for propulsion and maneuvering in bio-inspired underwater systems},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {Joel J. Hubbard},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HubbardJ_2011_MSThesis.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2011},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2011-07-16},<br \/>\r\naddress = {Reno, Nevada},<br \/>\r\nschool = {University of Nevada, Reno},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {mastersthesis}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('307','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_307\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HubbardJ_2011_MSThesis.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HubbardJ_2011_MSThesis.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/HubbardJ_2011_MSThesis.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('307','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">13.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Modeling and designing IPMCs for twisting motion: electromechanical and mechanoelectrical transduction\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/2011_SPIE_Twisting.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Modeling and designing IPMCs for twisting motion: electromechanical and mechanoelectrical transduction\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> D. Pugal; K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang; V. Palmre<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Modeling and designing IPMCs for twisting motion: electromechanical and mechanoelectrical transduction <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">SPIE Smart Structures and Materials and Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2011<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_230\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('230','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_230\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{PugalD_2011,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Modeling and designing IPMCs for twisting motion: electromechanical and mechanoelectrical transduction},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { D. Pugal and K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang and V. Palmre},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2011},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2011-01-01},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {SPIE Smart Structures and Materials and Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('230','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">12.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Mitigating IPMC back-relaxation effect using multi-input control\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/sms2012a.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Mitigating IPMC back-relaxation effect using multi-input control\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> M. J. Fleming; K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Mitigating IPMC back-relaxation effect using multi-input control <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">ASME Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems (SMASIS), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2011<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_272\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('272','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_272\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{FlemingM_2011a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Mitigating IPMC back-relaxation effect using multi-input control},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { M. J. Fleming and K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2011},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2011-01-01},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {ASME Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems (SMASIS)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('272','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">11.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Characterization of sectored-electrode IPMC-based propulsors for underwater locomotion\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/2011_SMASIS_fin.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Characterization of sectored-electrode IPMC-based propulsors for underwater locomotion\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> J. Hubbard; M. Fleming; K. K. Leang; V. Palmre; D. Pugal; K. J. Kim<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Characterization of sectored-electrode IPMC-based propulsors for underwater locomotion <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">ASME Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems (SMASIS), Scottsdale, Arizona, September 18\u201321, 2011, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 171\u2013180, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2011<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_240\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('240','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_240\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{HubbardJ_2011a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Characterization of sectored-electrode IPMC-based propulsors for underwater locomotion},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { J. Hubbard and M. Fleming and K. K. Leang and V. Palmre and D. Pugal and K. J. Kim},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2011},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2011-01-01},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {ASME Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems (SMASIS), Scottsdale, Arizona, September 18\u201321, 2011},<br \/>\r\npages = {171--180},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('240','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">10.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Electrically responsive stiffness change of IPMCs\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/IPMC2.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Electrically responsive stiffness change of IPMCs\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> V. Palmre; K. J. Kim; R. Tiwari; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Electrically responsive stiffness change of IPMCs <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">ASME Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems (SMASIS), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2011<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_289\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('289','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_289\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{PalmreV_2011,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Electrically responsive stiffness change of IPMCs},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { V. Palmre and K. J. Kim and R. Tiwari and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2011},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2011-01-01},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {ASME Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems (SMASIS)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('289','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">9.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"A twistable ionic polymer-metal composite artificial muscle for marine applications\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/mst.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"A twistable ionic polymer-metal composite artificial muscle for marine applications\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> K. J. Kim; D. Pugal; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">A twistable ionic polymer-metal composite artificial muscle for marine applications <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Marine Technology Society Journal, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 45, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 4, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 83 \u2013 98, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2011<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_246\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('246','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_246\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{KimKJ_2011b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {A twistable ionic polymer-metal composite artificial muscle for marine applications},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { K. J. Kim and D. Pugal and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2011},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2011-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {45},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {4},<br \/>\r\npages = {83 -- 98},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('246','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">8.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"A twistable artificial muscle for underwater robotic applications\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/2011_USKoreaSummit.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"A twistable artificial muscle for underwater robotic applications\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> K. J. Kim; D. Pugal; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">A twistable artificial muscle for underwater robotic applications <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">US-Korea Summit on Science and Engineering (UKC), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2011<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_245\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('245','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_245\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{KimKJ_2011a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {A twistable artificial muscle for underwater robotic applications},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { K. J. Kim and D. Pugal and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2011},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2011-01-01},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {US-Korea Summit on Science and Engineering (UKC)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('245','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2010\">2010<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">7.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Tracking control of oscillatory motion in IPMC actuators for underwater applications\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/2010_AIM.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Tracking control of oscillatory motion in IPMC actuators for underwater applications\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> S. Song; Y. Shan; K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Tracking control of oscillatory motion in IPMC actuators for underwater applications <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">IEEE\/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, Invited session on EAP, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2010<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_284\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('284','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_284\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{SongS_2010a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Tracking control of oscillatory motion in IPMC actuators for underwater applications},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { S. Song and Y. Shan and K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2010},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2010-01-01},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {IEEE\/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, Invited session on EAP},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('284','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">6.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Sectored-electrode IPMC actuator for bending and twisting motion\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/SectoredIPMCs.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Sectored-electrode IPMC actuator for bending and twisting motion\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> R. O. Riddle; Y. Jung; S.-M. Kim; S. Song; B. Stolpman; K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Sectored-electrode IPMC actuator for bending and twisting motion <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">SPIE Smart Structures and Materials and Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 764221, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2010<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_280\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('280','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_280\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{RiddleRO_2010,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Sectored-electrode IPMC actuator for bending and twisting motion},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { R. O. Riddle and Y. Jung and S.-M. Kim and S. Song and B. Stolpman and K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2010},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2010-01-01},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {SPIE Smart Structures and Materials and Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {7642},<br \/>\r\npages = {764221},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('280','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">5.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"IPMC: recent progress in modeling, manufacturing, and new applications\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/2010_IPMC.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"IPMC: recent progress in modeling, manufacturing, and new applications\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> D. Pugal; S. J. Kim; K. J. Kim; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">IPMC: recent progress in modeling, manufacturing, and new applications <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">SPIE Smart Structures and Materials and Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2010<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_232\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('232','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_232\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{PugalD_2010b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {IPMC: recent progress in modeling, manufacturing, and new applications},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { D. Pugal and S. J. Kim and K. J. Kim and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2010},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2010-01-01},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {SPIE Smart Structures and Materials and Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('232','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">4.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Development of dimensionally scalable IPMC materials\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/IPMC2.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Development of dimensionally scalable IPMC materials\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> S. J. Kim; Y. Jung; K. K. Leang; K. J. Kim<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Development of dimensionally scalable IPMC materials <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">IEEE\/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, Invited session on EAP, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2010<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_283\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('283','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_283\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{KimSJ_2010,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Development of dimensionally scalable IPMC materials},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { S. J. Kim and Y. Jung and K. K. Leang and K. J. Kim},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2010},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2010-01-01},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {IEEE\/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, Invited session on EAP},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('283','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2009\">2009<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">3.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Frequency-weighted feedforward control for dynamic compensation in ionic polymer-metal composite actuators\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/sms2009.jpg\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Frequency-weighted feedforward control for dynamic compensation in ionic polymer-metal composite actuators\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> Y. Shan; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Frequency-weighted feedforward control for dynamic compensation in ionic polymer-metal composite actuators <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Journal Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">Smart Materials and Structures, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">vol. 18, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">no. 12, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 125016 (11 pages), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2009<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_294\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('294','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_294\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{ShanY_2009b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Frequency-weighted feedforward control for dynamic compensation in ionic polymer-metal composite actuators},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { Y. Shan and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2009},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2009-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {Smart Materials and Structures},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {18},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {12},<br \/>\r\npages = {125016 (11 pages)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('294','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2008\">2008<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_mastersthesis\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">2.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><img decoding=\"async\" name=\"Fabrication and Integrated Feedforward and Feedback Control of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuators\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/UNR_MS_Thesis4.png\" width=\"100\" alt=\"Fabrication and Integrated Feedforward and Feedback Control of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuators\" \/><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">Yingfeng Shan<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('310','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Fabrication and Integrated Feedforward and Feedback Control of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuators<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  mastersthesis\">Masters Thesis<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_school\">Virginia Commonwealth University, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_address\">Richmond, Virginia, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2008<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_310\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('310','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_310\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('310','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_310\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@mastersthesis{ShanY_2008c,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Fabrication and Integrated Feedforward and Feedback Control of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuators},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {Yingfeng Shan},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ShanY_2008Thesis.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2008},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2008-05-31},<br \/>\r\naddress = {Richmond, Virginia},<br \/>\r\nschool = {Virginia Commonwealth University},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {mastersthesis}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('310','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_310\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ShanY_2008Thesis.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ShanY_2008Thesis.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/pubs\/ShanY_2008Thesis.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('310','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_number\">1.<\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_image_left\"><\/div><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> Y. Shan; K. K. Leang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\">Application of Feedforward Dynamics Compensation in Ionic-Polymer Metal Composite Actuators <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">SPIE Smart Structures and Materials and NDE for Health Monitoring and Diagnostics Conference, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">pp. 69270F-1 \u2013 69270F-12, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2008<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_293\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('293','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_293\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{ShanY_2008,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Application of Feedforward Dynamics Compensation in Ionic-Polymer Metal Composite Actuators},<br \/>\r\nauthor = { Y. Shan and K. K. Leang},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2008},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2008-01-01},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {SPIE Smart Structures and Materials and NDE for Health Monitoring and Diagnostics Conference},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {6927},<br \/>\r\npages = {69270F-1 -- 69270F-12},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('293','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1273,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-PageTemplate2.php","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1757","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1757","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1757"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1757\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2752,"href":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1757\/revisions\/2752"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1273"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kam.k.leang.com\/academics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1757"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}